Regional Economics
Ezzatollah Asgharizadeh; Mehdi Ajalli; Farnaz Almasieh
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
The primary goal of open data transparency is to improve government reliability and business opportunities from a political perspective by increasing government transparency and creating new employment and business opportunities from an economic perspective through greater participation ...
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1- INTRODUCTION
The primary goal of open data transparency is to improve government reliability and business opportunities from a political perspective by increasing government transparency and creating new employment and business opportunities from an economic perspective through greater participation and collaboration with the private sector.The next goal is to strengthen the government's competitiveness through economic innovation. As government data openness is expected to have a positive impact on national economies, governments around the world are under pressure for an open data policy.
According to the regulations on the recognition of knowledge-based companies and institutions, knowledge-based companies are private or cooperative institutions that aim to increase science and wealth, economic development based on knowledge and realize scientific and economic goals in line with the expansion of invention and innovation and finally the commercialization of research and development results.(Including the design and production of goods and services) is formed in the field of superior technologies with a lot of added value (especially in the production of related software).
According to the approved regulations, knowledge-based companies pursue goals such as persuading the faculty of universities and research units for more activities in meeting the needs of society and the possibility of increasing the income of faculty members, commercializing research findings, increasing the specific income of universities and research units, the general theme of knowledge-based activity.
Isfahan Science and Research Town as the first organization to establish growth centers and science and technology parks in the country in the area of Azadegan highway in Khomeinishahr and next to Isfahan University of Technology, and close to industrial towns and exemplary tourism areas of Khomeinishahr including Cheshme Lader while supporting the launch andthe development of knowledge-based companies and institutions has been able to take effective steps in the development of production and export of knowledge-based products and sustainable employment of university graduates. In any case, no study has been done on the transparency of government data and its effect on the competitiveness of governments.To fill the research gap, this study investigated the effect of government data transparency on the country's competitiveness with the mediating role of knowledge-based economy at the level of knowledge-based companies based in Tehran and Isfahan.
This research seeks to answer the following questions: 1. How does the transparency of government data affect the formation of the knowledge-based economy of countries? 2. How does the knowledge-based level of a country affect competitiveness? 3. Can the formation of a knowledge-based economy play a mediating role in the effect of transparency of government data on the competitiveness of Iran?
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In research studied open government data through a systematic empirical literature review. This study conducts a systematic literature review of 169 empirical studies of open government data and derives a theoretical framework of antecedents, decisions, and outcomes to understand the evidence of these data in the context of the digital economy and a theory-based research agenda to exploit the potential. Research in this framework is presented.
In a research, researchers developed methodologies and applications in the knowledge-based economy by using multi-criteria decision-making analysis.The results showed that the simultaneous discussion of recent methodologies and applications using multi-criteria decision-making analysis and consideration of the challenges shaping the knowledge-based economy depends on the themes of technological forecasting and social changes.
In a paper, researchers have studied the impact of globalization on peace and stability: governance concepts and knowledge economy of African countries.They stated that there is an indirect relationship between globalization and the knowledge-based economy of African countries, which affects peace and stability, and peace and stability are also affected by the knowledge-based economy of the government.The results of the research show that peace and stability of the government are more strongly influenced by globalization in commercial mode than foreign direct investment.The final result of the research indicates that foreign direct investment is not a suitable and useful mechanism for estimating and preserving African knowledge.Therefore, with the development of globalization, peace and stability will increase in African countries.
In a study, under the title of the effect of openness of government data on the knowledge-based economy, they investigated the effect of open government data on the knowledge-based economy by using path analysis and factor analysis. The results of the research showed that the transparency of government data has a positive and direct effect on the formation of knowledge base in a country. Also, the knowledge-based level of a country has a positive effect on the global competitiveness of that country.
In a paper, researchers conducted a systematic review on open governance data design.
Researchers in research titled knowledge-based economy in the European Union, using cluster analysis on the main components of the strategy indicators for the studied countries, tried to find out the position of the 27 countries of the European Union from the perspective of the knowledge-based economy. Their study provided a basis for understanding the position of Romania among the countries of the European Union.
Researchers in research entitled Redefining the knowledge-based economy-sustainable development relationship, examined various definitions and approaches related to the subject of knowledge-based economy and how to measure it, as well as various theories that have been presented in the field of sustainable development, withthe use of content analysis method has been discussed.
In a paper, researchers have done research called knowledge economy by using content analysis.According to them, the advancement of information and communication technologies and the importance of knowledge as a determining factor in organizational competitiveness and productivity require special requirements for the organization.(Hsu et al., 2008) have paid attention to the investigation of competitive policies for the purpose of technological innovations in the era of knowledge-based economy.The results of their study show the positive effect of competitive policies on technological innovations.
In a paper, researchers also investigated the knowledge gap and the relative efficiency of the selected countries in the transition to a knowledge-based economy in an article titled "Development of Southeast Asian countries towards a knowledge-based economy" by using data envelopment analysis.In this article, the performance of selected countries is evaluated by two methods: radar chart and data coverage analysis.
In a research, researchers stated that in the knowledge-based economy, information, technology and learning have been introduced as factors of growth and productivity. In fact, with the continuous application and production of knowledge as the core of the economic development process, the economy necessarily becomes a knowledge-based economy. Knowledge-based economy is an economy in which knowledge is the main key to economic growth. In this economy, knowledge is acquired, produced and disseminated and is used efficiently and effectively to increase economic development.
In a paper, researchers, during a study, examine the effect of different aspects of knowledge (within the framework of knowledge-based economy) on the economic growth of 92 countries during the period of 1960-2000. In this study, using modeling, several indicators are used for each axis of the knowledge-based economy. The results showed that different aspects of knowledge had a positive effect on the economic growth of 83 during the study period.
3- METHODOLOGY
In this study, five constructs were extracted from the literature related to open data and the knowledge-based economy: data openness, knowledge distribution, knowledge creation, knowledge diffusion, and competitiveness.Data transparency is defined as the transparency of government data.Absorption of knowledge is the concept of acquiring knowledge in a country.Creating knowledge means producing new knowledge in a country.Diffusion of knowledge means the distribution of knowledge of one country to other countries.Competitiveness means the competitive advantages of a country.The competitiveness index is obtained from the announced economic reports of the world.
The research method in this study is based on the research orientation, applied type and based on the research strategy, survey type. Also, based on the research method, a description of the type of correlation and the statistical population of this research including specialists, senior managers and experts in the field of government data, knowledge-based economy and competitiveness from knowledge-based companies based in Tehran (90 people) and knowledge-based companies based in Science City and the research was conducted in Isfahan (100 people), which is a total of 190 people. Considering the extent of these organizations, using the stratified sampling method, after dividing the statistical population of this research into two groups, Tehran and Isfahan, the number of samples was determined in proportion to the number of experts in each organization (82 and 68 people, respectively) and then by using the random sampling method and the sampling formula from the limited population and the accuracy of 5%, the number of people is estimated to be 150. Finally, managers and experts were randomly selected. In other words, in the present research, all the managers, specialists and experts familiar with the aforementioned systems in the companies are considered as the statistical population of the research, and the designed questionnaires will be distributed and collected within 2 months. This research was cross-sectional and the situation of the problem was measured in the spring of 2017 and the summer of 2017. Data collection is done by using a questionnaire.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
According to the results of this paper, the value of R2 has been calculated for the endogenous structure of the level of knowledge-based economy (0.527), and the endogenous structure of competitiveness (0.468), which confirms the suitability of the fit of the structural model according to the three criterion values.
According to the obtained values for Q2 of endogenous constructs, it is clear that there is a strong predictive power of the model regarding all constructs and the fit of the structural model of the research is confirmed again.
Finally, after calculating all the fit criteria of the measurement models and the structural model of the research, the overall fit of the model should be calculated. As calculated in the output of the software, the value of GOF equal to 0.293 was obtained, which is a good value and indicates an almost strong fit of the structural model, as a result, the overall fit of the model is also confirmed.
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
Considering the confirmation of the main hypothesis, we can conclude that: 1- Access to the government data line has a positive effect on the formation of the knowledge-based economy in Iran. 2- The release of sustainable data collection has a positive effect on the formation of knowledge-based economy in Iran. Comparing the output of this research with other researches, it was found that no research has been done in this regard. On the other hand, the output of this research is consistent with the previous researches.
Considering the results of the research, the following policy recommendations and practical suggestions were presented: 1. Providing the necessary platforms for the dynamic and constructive interaction of our country's industries with regional and international industrial countries; 2. Providing the necessary incentives to attract foreign investment; 3. And applying outward-looking business policies, including basic and basic solutions to improve the competitiveness of our country's knowledge-based industries in global and regional markets; 4. Emphasizing on applied research and facilitating and encouraging the use of scientific findings in the process of globalization of production and trade as practical measures for the simultaneous promotion of knowledge base and development. 5. Providing favorable financial resources, including risk-taking investors, foreign investment and government budgets in order to launch knowledge-based businesses; 6. Providing appropriate infrastructure including telecommunications, information and communication technology, scientific networks; 7. Development of government policies, including business support environment, legal system, tax system and appropriate regulatory policies; 8. Rule the thinking of innovation, invention and creativity in the education system instead of reservations, to encourage the country's young forces to engage in entrepreneurial activities and start knowledge-based businesses.
ebrahim anvari; ahmad salahmanesh; atfe ahmadi; soror chehrazi
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
Today, many companies and manufacturers are trying to enter the international market. Due to the new conditions of the current markets, it is no possible to enter such markets by trial and error. Therefore, considering the importance of this issue, this study tries to examine ...
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1- INTRODUCTION
Today, many companies and manufacturers are trying to enter the international market. Due to the new conditions of the current markets, it is no possible to enter such markets by trial and error. Therefore, considering the importance of this issue, this study tries to examine the effects of sanctions resulting from the Barjam and post-Barjam agreements on two selected industries that are domestically produced in Iran and traded internationally. In other words, if these industries are subject to sanctions, although they are not subject to sanctions, what will be the performance of these industries at the international level. Therefore, this study seeks to examine the variability of market share of these industries during sanctions or the absence of sanctions.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Since the economic activities of each country are not limited to the domestic environment, their competitiveness is not focused on the domestic environment, and each country has trade relations with different countries. One of the important factors for countries to choose trade partners is proximity and geographical proximity, the existence of economic and political relations between the two countries. Based on this, Ragman proposed a concept model called dual diamond for smaller countries, which was a combination of the internal characteristics of countries and their trading partners. Ragman states his model that a country's competitive advantage is due to the internal and external environment of countries, and the outcome of the diamond model factors in these two environments determines the competitiveness of countries.
3- METHODOLOGY
According to the analysis of the effectiveness of two commodities drug and steel trade, one of which is not subject to sanctions and the other has been subject to sanctions, the use of sustainable market share index is more beneficial than other methods of evaluating comparative advantage and competitiveness. According to this index, a country's exports are successful if they can grow at least as much as global imports. This growth can be due to a focus on commodities whose consumption is increasing worldwide (commodity effect) or a focus on target markets whose consumption is growing faster than the global average (national effect) or the internal factors of the exporting country that increase Influence and share in target markets (competitive effect). Therefore, in order to estimate the above three effects, in this paper, the CMS method developed by Lamer and Stern has been used.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
About of drug commodities, in 2016 and 2019, the commodity effect of commodity drugs has been positive for the countries under study. But in 2017 and 2018, the commodity effect of the drug has been negatived for all countries surveyed. Country effect in 2016 and 2017 was positive for Germany, Russia and Norway, and in 2019 was positive only in Russia. about of steel, in 2016 and 2019, the negative commodity effect was obtained, and in 2017 and 2018, it was positive for all countries. In other words, in 2016 and 2019, the growth of steel imports slowed down than the growth of imports of other goods in the world, and in 2017 and 2018, it also accelerated. Country effect of steel, among target market countries, shows in 2016 for Thailand and Belgium, in 2017 for Italy, Spain, Turkey and Belgium, in 2018 for Italy, Thailand, Spain and Belgium and in 2019 is also a positive year for Thailand.
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
Stable Market Share Index (CMS) in relation to drug products shows that Iran's advantage in the drug market in 2018 and 2019 is not stable. The change in net exports (total effect) in all export markets of the country is negative, which goes beyond the negative effect of goods in 2018 and the positive effect in 2019, which is outside the will of the country, on the one hand due to improper selection of markets such as France, UK, Germany. And Norway (their country effect is negative) and on the other hand returns to the negative competitive effect in the last two years of the study period. In 2016, among the target markets studied, Germany and in 2017 and 2019, Russia are the best target markets for Iranian medicine. According to the index of stable market share in relation to steel goods (goods subject to sanctions), Iran in abuot of commodity effect in 2017 and 2018 has a better situation than in 2016 and 2019. Country effect shows that among the countries studied, Turkey is the worst and Thailand is the best destination for Iranian steel exports during the years under study. As the results show, the competitive effect is positive for all countries surveyed during 2016 and 2017. This means that Iran has been able to control a large part of the steel imports of these countries in these two years, but in 2018 and 2019, due to the withdrawal of the United States from the Barjam agreement and the direct impact of these sanctions, this effect has been negative.
rasoul ghorbani; ameneh alibakhshi
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
The concept of competitiveness was often formed in response to the question why some countries are richer than others. A question that was raised since the period of Adam Smith and is a concern of many governments until today. So that in recent years, the concept of competitiveness ...
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1- INTRODUCTION
The concept of competitiveness was often formed in response to the question why some countries are richer than others. A question that was raised since the period of Adam Smith and is a concern of many governments until today. So that in recent years, the concept of competitiveness has become a common term in urban, regional and national economic analyzes and policies. Globalization and the economy based on information knowledge and removing the borders of countries have gradually reduced the geographical position of competition from national to regional scale, and since the 1990s, the concept of regional competitiveness has become a dominant issue in the public circles of developed countries and some developing countries. It was done so that countries can achieve a clear set of policies to strengthen regional development. In the meantime, East Azarbaijan province with 20 cities has high potential capacities and advantages in various fields, which has made it different from many other provinces in the country. And its competition with other provinces of the country. Therefore, one of the most important platforms for creating a competitive city is to pay attention to the common and current indicators in the field of competition. Because knowing the effective indicators in the competitiveness of different areas and the inequality between them is considered as the basis of work in planning, which causes inequality to be eliminated and the current situation to be transformed into the desired situation. In this regard, in order to measure the level of competition between regions, various indicators have been presented at the global level, and in this article, different indicators have been combined with each other, and due to the lack of access to many indicators, the proposed indicators have been replaced.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Since the 1990s, competitiveness has become an important theory in the public policy of developed countries and then one of the key issues in urban and regional planning theories. Various views have been presented about it. The first point of view is the doctrine of mercantilists, who believe that the most intuitive definition of competitiveness is the criterion of action and consider the economic competitiveness of countries in international contexts as possible in the way of companies, and their prosperity and recovery from existing crises depends on increasing the competitiveness of the national economy and establishing the trade balance is positive. The second point of view in this field is the Porter doctrine. Porter extended the concept of competitiveness, which was only discussed at the level of enterprises, in the mid-1990s, believing in the importance of the role of the external business environment in creating competitiveness to the territory level. The third point of view is the Paul Grossman. This point of view has been raised in the criticism of Porter's point of view, and the competitiveness which was mentioned in Porter's point of view as the meaning of increasing economic productivity in comparison with competitors for the economy of countries has been empirically unfounded and has called the comparison of place with the company as baseless.
3- METHODOLOGY
The current research is descriptive and analytical in terms of application and nature. Library method was used to collect data and Prometheus multi-criteria decision-making method was used for data analysis.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
In the current research, 39 indicators for 2006 and 45 variables for 2016 were used in 6 different dimensions in order to investigate the competitiveness of the cities of East Azarbaijan province. The used indices have been descaled after softening by the norm method, then to express the relative importance of the used variables, each of them has been weighted using Shannon's entropy method. The results of variable weighting show that in 2006, variables such as the number of literate people, the number of high school students, the number of middle school students, employment rate, teaching staff and the number of active landlines and for 2015, the total number of literate people , the number of electricity subscribers, the number of active fixed telephone lines, the number of high school students, the number of middle school students, the number of elementary school students, the number of pharmacies, the number of dentists, the number of library members, the number of veterinarians, and the number of state bank branches have the highest weight. To other variables have been obtained. In the following, after determining the weight of each of the desired variables, using the Prometheus method, the competitiveness level of the cities of the province has been leveled. Based on the results obtained from the Prometheus method for 2016, the cities of the province are placed in 5 levels from very high competitiveness to very low competitiveness. Of these, one city is in the highly competitive category, 4 cities with high competitiveness, 6 cities with low competitiveness, and 5 cities are in the level of cities with very low competitiveness. Also, the results of data analysis for 2016 show that one city is at a very high level, four cities are at a high level, seven cities are at an average level, six cities are at a low level of competitiveness and two cities are at a very low level of competitiveness.
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
By comparing the level of competitiveness of the cities of East Azarbaijan province in 2015 compared to 2005, it shows that the greatest improvement is related to the cities of Maragheh, Mianeh, Kalibar and Azarshahr, which is mainly due to the development of communication networks, the growth of mining and industrial activities and the expansion of tourism in the cities. It has been mentioned. On the other hand, Varzeghan, Shabestar and Osku cities have improved less than other cities, and because of this is different between cities. Also, in terms of competitiveness, the cities of the province have improved in 2015 compared to 2005, so that out of 5 cities that were in the category of cities with very low competitiveness in 2005, they have decreased to two cities in 2015 and more. The cities have had a positive movement.
