Regional Economics
Zeinab Baradaran Khanian; Zahra Azari; Davood Behboudi
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
In order to eliminate the imbalances in economic sectors, especially in developing countries, due to limited resources and emphasis on investment and allocation of capital resources to key sectors, the government adopts policies that the society has the ability to implement. ...
Read More
1- INTRODUCTION
In order to eliminate the imbalances in economic sectors, especially in developing countries, due to limited resources and emphasis on investment and allocation of capital resources to key sectors, the government adopts policies that the society has the ability to implement. This causes more attention to the sectors with higher priority for investment. Considering the very high share of services in recent years, investment in this sector, in addition to economic growth, provides the necessary resources for investment in other economic sectors. Hirschman believes that economic development is a continuous process that is created by the growth of the leading sector and the establishment of connections between this sector and other economic sectors. Since the share of the service sector in GDP and employment has always been higher than other sectors of the economy in recent years, the service sector has been identified as a large or strategic or dominant sector in the country. In recent years, investment in this sector, in addition to economic growth, has provided the necessary resources for investment in other economic sectors and has acted as a leading sector in Iran's economy.
On the other hand, not paying attention to the talents and potential possibilities of Iran and its provinces, among other things, has faced serious challenges to development. East Azarbaijan province has not been exempt from this problem with its unique natural and human facilities that can stimulate development in different sectors. According to the material presented about the contribution of the service sector as a productive and profitable sector in the economy and the position of its sub-sectors in the economic and social system of countries including Iran, recognizing and explaining the current situation of the country's provinces and accordingly, East Azerbaijan province is one of the most important and influential provinces in the economic growth and development of the country, and as the pole of the northwest region and having unique natural and human resources that can stimulate development in various sectors, it has great importance.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
For the first time, Peru (1968) proposed another group of theories in economic literature, which are known as growth pole theories. In Peru's theory, simultaneous growth does not occur everywhere, but occurs at points or poles of development that have high attraction power. In developing countries, it is not possible to develop all economic sectors at the same time. In the initial stages of the formation of the pole, although the activities are concentrated in the center of the pole and cause aggravation of imbalances and imbalances, but the supporters of this theory believe that after the formation of the pole, the diffusion stage comes and during those positive effects flow to the surrounding environment. Therefore, according to this theory, there is a need to identify the key sectors of developing societies in order to prioritize them.
3- METHODOLOGY
The first part of the present research was conducted in terms of the purpose of the evaluation type and from the perspective of the method in a descriptive and analytical manner and based on qualitative data, the data was collected by a survey method through the distribution of questionnaires. Multi-sector analysis (MSA) has been used to examine the key core of the service sector of East Azarbaijan province. In the second part of the methodology, according to the indicators mentioned in the theoretical foundations for the sustainable development of tourism, it is possible to obtain a complete assessment of the level of access to each of these indicators in East Azerbaijan province, which is the main step in answering this question. What is the state of the province in each of the indicators related to the development of sustainable tourism? To extract the value of the identified indicators, using the Cochran sampling method, the sample size was estimated to be 384 people. After designing the questionnaire tool and verifying its validity using the content and form method, by distributing the questionnaire, field data was collected by random sampling method from among the residents of different regions of East Azarbaijan province, and in the next stage, the indicators were used using Python software and scaled and standardized between zero and one as follows.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
In this study, using multi-sector analysis, tourism has been identified as the key core and the most effective service sub-sector of East Azerbaijan province. Examining the indicators related to sustainability, which includes 5 economic, social, environmental, cultural and social dimensions, shows that the level of sustainability of tourism on a macro scale is 0.256 of one unit. This means that despite the existing attractions and potentials in the province, this sector has not found its proper place and is far from achieving sustainability. Also, the examination of the status of the five indices shows that the environmental index with a score of 0.299 of the unit has the highest score among other indices, while the social index with a score of 0.166 is one of the lowest.
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
According to the findings of the study, it can be said that in order to improve and develop indicators related to sustainable tourism in the province, it is necessary to continue the current programs and activities related to the sustainable development of tourism, and those responsible should focus more on two economic and social components. Because, first of all, tourism can create jobs if it is sustainable, and if the stated goals are achieved, sustainable tourism can provide opportunities for employment and income for local residents and the development of infrastructure structures to enable sustainable development. Therefore, in the future research, it is suggested to develop tourism sustainability strategies in East Azarbaijan province.
Regional Economics
Ezzatollah Asgharizadeh; Mehdi Ajalli; Farnaz Almasieh
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
The primary goal of open data transparency is to improve government reliability and business opportunities from a political perspective by increasing government transparency and creating new employment and business opportunities from an economic perspective through greater participation ...
Read More
1- INTRODUCTION
The primary goal of open data transparency is to improve government reliability and business opportunities from a political perspective by increasing government transparency and creating new employment and business opportunities from an economic perspective through greater participation and collaboration with the private sector.The next goal is to strengthen the government's competitiveness through economic innovation. As government data openness is expected to have a positive impact on national economies, governments around the world are under pressure for an open data policy.
According to the regulations on the recognition of knowledge-based companies and institutions, knowledge-based companies are private or cooperative institutions that aim to increase science and wealth, economic development based on knowledge and realize scientific and economic goals in line with the expansion of invention and innovation and finally the commercialization of research and development results.(Including the design and production of goods and services) is formed in the field of superior technologies with a lot of added value (especially in the production of related software).
According to the approved regulations, knowledge-based companies pursue goals such as persuading the faculty of universities and research units for more activities in meeting the needs of society and the possibility of increasing the income of faculty members, commercializing research findings, increasing the specific income of universities and research units, the general theme of knowledge-based activity.
Isfahan Science and Research Town as the first organization to establish growth centers and science and technology parks in the country in the area of Azadegan highway in Khomeinishahr and next to Isfahan University of Technology, and close to industrial towns and exemplary tourism areas of Khomeinishahr including Cheshme Lader while supporting the launch andthe development of knowledge-based companies and institutions has been able to take effective steps in the development of production and export of knowledge-based products and sustainable employment of university graduates. In any case, no study has been done on the transparency of government data and its effect on the competitiveness of governments.To fill the research gap, this study investigated the effect of government data transparency on the country's competitiveness with the mediating role of knowledge-based economy at the level of knowledge-based companies based in Tehran and Isfahan.
This research seeks to answer the following questions: 1. How does the transparency of government data affect the formation of the knowledge-based economy of countries? 2. How does the knowledge-based level of a country affect competitiveness? 3. Can the formation of a knowledge-based economy play a mediating role in the effect of transparency of government data on the competitiveness of Iran?
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In research studied open government data through a systematic empirical literature review. This study conducts a systematic literature review of 169 empirical studies of open government data and derives a theoretical framework of antecedents, decisions, and outcomes to understand the evidence of these data in the context of the digital economy and a theory-based research agenda to exploit the potential. Research in this framework is presented.
In a research, researchers developed methodologies and applications in the knowledge-based economy by using multi-criteria decision-making analysis.The results showed that the simultaneous discussion of recent methodologies and applications using multi-criteria decision-making analysis and consideration of the challenges shaping the knowledge-based economy depends on the themes of technological forecasting and social changes.
In a paper, researchers have studied the impact of globalization on peace and stability: governance concepts and knowledge economy of African countries.They stated that there is an indirect relationship between globalization and the knowledge-based economy of African countries, which affects peace and stability, and peace and stability are also affected by the knowledge-based economy of the government.The results of the research show that peace and stability of the government are more strongly influenced by globalization in commercial mode than foreign direct investment.The final result of the research indicates that foreign direct investment is not a suitable and useful mechanism for estimating and preserving African knowledge.Therefore, with the development of globalization, peace and stability will increase in African countries.
In a study, under the title of the effect of openness of government data on the knowledge-based economy, they investigated the effect of open government data on the knowledge-based economy by using path analysis and factor analysis. The results of the research showed that the transparency of government data has a positive and direct effect on the formation of knowledge base in a country. Also, the knowledge-based level of a country has a positive effect on the global competitiveness of that country.
In a paper, researchers conducted a systematic review on open governance data design.
Researchers in research titled knowledge-based economy in the European Union, using cluster analysis on the main components of the strategy indicators for the studied countries, tried to find out the position of the 27 countries of the European Union from the perspective of the knowledge-based economy. Their study provided a basis for understanding the position of Romania among the countries of the European Union.
Researchers in research entitled Redefining the knowledge-based economy-sustainable development relationship, examined various definitions and approaches related to the subject of knowledge-based economy and how to measure it, as well as various theories that have been presented in the field of sustainable development, withthe use of content analysis method has been discussed.
In a paper, researchers have done research called knowledge economy by using content analysis.According to them, the advancement of information and communication technologies and the importance of knowledge as a determining factor in organizational competitiveness and productivity require special requirements for the organization.(Hsu et al., 2008) have paid attention to the investigation of competitive policies for the purpose of technological innovations in the era of knowledge-based economy.The results of their study show the positive effect of competitive policies on technological innovations.
In a paper, researchers also investigated the knowledge gap and the relative efficiency of the selected countries in the transition to a knowledge-based economy in an article titled "Development of Southeast Asian countries towards a knowledge-based economy" by using data envelopment analysis.In this article, the performance of selected countries is evaluated by two methods: radar chart and data coverage analysis.
In a research, researchers stated that in the knowledge-based economy, information, technology and learning have been introduced as factors of growth and productivity. In fact, with the continuous application and production of knowledge as the core of the economic development process, the economy necessarily becomes a knowledge-based economy. Knowledge-based economy is an economy in which knowledge is the main key to economic growth. In this economy, knowledge is acquired, produced and disseminated and is used efficiently and effectively to increase economic development.
In a paper, researchers, during a study, examine the effect of different aspects of knowledge (within the framework of knowledge-based economy) on the economic growth of 92 countries during the period of 1960-2000. In this study, using modeling, several indicators are used for each axis of the knowledge-based economy. The results showed that different aspects of knowledge had a positive effect on the economic growth of 83 during the study period.
3- METHODOLOGY
In this study, five constructs were extracted from the literature related to open data and the knowledge-based economy: data openness, knowledge distribution, knowledge creation, knowledge diffusion, and competitiveness.Data transparency is defined as the transparency of government data.Absorption of knowledge is the concept of acquiring knowledge in a country.Creating knowledge means producing new knowledge in a country.Diffusion of knowledge means the distribution of knowledge of one country to other countries.Competitiveness means the competitive advantages of a country.The competitiveness index is obtained from the announced economic reports of the world.
The research method in this study is based on the research orientation, applied type and based on the research strategy, survey type. Also, based on the research method, a description of the type of correlation and the statistical population of this research including specialists, senior managers and experts in the field of government data, knowledge-based economy and competitiveness from knowledge-based companies based in Tehran (90 people) and knowledge-based companies based in Science City and the research was conducted in Isfahan (100 people), which is a total of 190 people. Considering the extent of these organizations, using the stratified sampling method, after dividing the statistical population of this research into two groups, Tehran and Isfahan, the number of samples was determined in proportion to the number of experts in each organization (82 and 68 people, respectively) and then by using the random sampling method and the sampling formula from the limited population and the accuracy of 5%, the number of people is estimated to be 150. Finally, managers and experts were randomly selected. In other words, in the present research, all the managers, specialists and experts familiar with the aforementioned systems in the companies are considered as the statistical population of the research, and the designed questionnaires will be distributed and collected within 2 months. This research was cross-sectional and the situation of the problem was measured in the spring of 2017 and the summer of 2017. Data collection is done by using a questionnaire.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
According to the results of this paper, the value of R2 has been calculated for the endogenous structure of the level of knowledge-based economy (0.527), and the endogenous structure of competitiveness (0.468), which confirms the suitability of the fit of the structural model according to the three criterion values.
According to the obtained values for Q2 of endogenous constructs, it is clear that there is a strong predictive power of the model regarding all constructs and the fit of the structural model of the research is confirmed again.
Finally, after calculating all the fit criteria of the measurement models and the structural model of the research, the overall fit of the model should be calculated. As calculated in the output of the software, the value of GOF equal to 0.293 was obtained, which is a good value and indicates an almost strong fit of the structural model, as a result, the overall fit of the model is also confirmed.
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
Considering the confirmation of the main hypothesis, we can conclude that: 1- Access to the government data line has a positive effect on the formation of the knowledge-based economy in Iran. 2- The release of sustainable data collection has a positive effect on the formation of knowledge-based economy in Iran. Comparing the output of this research with other researches, it was found that no research has been done in this regard. On the other hand, the output of this research is consistent with the previous researches.
Considering the results of the research, the following policy recommendations and practical suggestions were presented: 1. Providing the necessary platforms for the dynamic and constructive interaction of our country's industries with regional and international industrial countries; 2. Providing the necessary incentives to attract foreign investment; 3. And applying outward-looking business policies, including basic and basic solutions to improve the competitiveness of our country's knowledge-based industries in global and regional markets; 4. Emphasizing on applied research and facilitating and encouraging the use of scientific findings in the process of globalization of production and trade as practical measures for the simultaneous promotion of knowledge base and development. 5. Providing favorable financial resources, including risk-taking investors, foreign investment and government budgets in order to launch knowledge-based businesses; 6. Providing appropriate infrastructure including telecommunications, information and communication technology, scientific networks; 7. Development of government policies, including business support environment, legal system, tax system and appropriate regulatory policies; 8. Rule the thinking of innovation, invention and creativity in the education system instead of reservations, to encourage the country's young forces to engage in entrepreneurial activities and start knowledge-based businesses.
Regional Economics
mohammad ghadimi; mohammad solimani; seyed sajad mosavian; mostafa yakhchali
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
Undoubtly, the development of the border areas, especially the border areas of Sistan, will stabilize the border population, increase the security factor, deterrence, peace and tranquility in the region. Also, since the border areas are extremely important in foreign trade and ...
Read More
1- INTRODUCTION
Undoubtly, the development of the border areas, especially the border areas of Sistan, will stabilize the border population, increase the security factor, deterrence, peace and tranquility in the region. Also, since the border areas are extremely important in foreign trade and foreign exchange, the development of these areas will lead to the economic prosperity of the region and the country. Although various dimensions of issues and problems related to border areas have been studied sporadically since the past, but the development of these areas with this title, not only its place in the country's development planning system has not been explained, but also its dimensions and characteristics are less. Therefore, the necessity of conducting scientific studies in this regard is felt more than before and they are identified and studied. In order to achieve comprehensive development, there is a need for national and regional planning, formulation of strategy and identification of development obstacles. In the strategic approach, it is necessary to provide a future perspective and a clear understanding of the future. Therefore, the main issue of this article is how to develop the border areas of Sistan, in other words, how to get the border area of Sistan out of deprivation and poverty. In this article, by examination the capacities and challenges of this province, operational requirements and solutions for the comprehensive development of the border areas will be presented.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Regional development is also a change in the spatial distribution of economic and social phenomena such as population, income, government revenues, production of various goods and services, transportation facilities and other social infrastructures and even political power (management planning, 2006:11). Regional development often includes two conflicting goals of people's well-being and places' well-being. It is always known in advance that creating employment in the places where people live, due to avoiding psychological and economic costs of migration and natural resources, capital equipment and social infrastructure, is a priority to ensure employment in other places.
According to the studies conducted in this field, it can be said that in connection with the development of border regions, various theories such as the theory of the crystalline central place, the growth pole theory, the theory of the center of growth, the theory of the center around, and the theory of the return of the center are used, each of them with they are designed according to certain conditions and principles and are used at certain levels.
As a result, the theoretical framework of the development of border regions is in the whole framework of regional development. Since the border regions are different from the central regions, this theoretical framework is based on the interpretation of the phenomenon of regional imbalance between the border regions and the central regions. Basically, all theories related to regional development revolve around regional imbalance as the center of their discussions.
3- METHODOLOGY
Thematic analysis is a method to recognize, analyze and report patterns in qualitative data. This method is a process for analyzing textual data and transforms scattered and diverse data into rich and detailed data. Thematic analysis is not only a specific qualitative method, but also is a process that can be used in most qualitative methods.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The requirements for the development of Sistan region are:
Solutions related to industry and mining
Creating user industries instead of capital-intensive industries
Investment of government, public, non-government and private sectors in the production sector
Investing in the mining sector of Sistan region
Solutions related to trade facilitation and expansion
Development of border markets
Establishing the economic dependence of Afghanistan for the development of trade relations
Solutions related to agriculture
Negotiating with Afghanistan for extraterritorial cultivation
Completion of the 46,000-hectare plan of His Highness Zeleh Al-Ali
Revival of Hamon International Wetland
Preventing excessive evaporation of surface water
Implementation of deep wells project
Expanding and promoting productive agricultural supply chain
Facilitating contract farming conditions
Solutions related to the field of tourism development
Facilitating medical tourism conditions
Livelihood solutions
Legalizing fuel transportation
Avoiding unmanaged grants
Implementation of the plan of home solar panels with long-term facilities
Implementation of innovative empowerment plansand environment of the region)
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
Sistan and Baluchistan province, being located in a special geographical area, has potential in terms of mineral capacities, clean energy, as well as opportunities for foreign exchange and transit of goods, and is at risk from various economic, cultural and social, political, security and infrastructure challenges. Therefore, any development planning for the province and especially the Sistan region should take into account its special conditions. The province's challenges are mainly caused by weakness in regional development planning, weak diplomacy in water and trade, large size of the province, drought, dominant security perspective, weakness in commercial and property laws and diversity of ethnic groups and religions. The result of the province's problems has caused this province to lose its high position in the production of agricultural products, and by not substituting industry for agriculture, it turned to the service sector over many years, and due to the limitations of the service market, a large number of people to immigrate to this province. This, while disrupting the ethnic composition of other parts of the country, has led to the formation of marginalization, increased statistics of social damage and corruption in this province, and has also depopulated the border, which itself is considered a security threat. The development of Sistan region has its own requirements and according to this situation, it is necessary to comprehensively plan regional development and carefully study the economy and capacities of Pakistan and Afghanistan. In completing and developing the province's infrastructure and industry - especially in the Sistan region - provide the necessary ground to preserve the population structure and prevent the migration of people in this region.
