Regional Economics
Ezzatollah Asgharizadeh; Mehdi Ajalli; Farnaz Almasieh
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
The primary goal of open data transparency is to improve government reliability and business opportunities from a political perspective by increasing government transparency and creating new employment and business opportunities from an economic perspective through greater participation ...
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1- INTRODUCTION
The primary goal of open data transparency is to improve government reliability and business opportunities from a political perspective by increasing government transparency and creating new employment and business opportunities from an economic perspective through greater participation and collaboration with the private sector.The next goal is to strengthen the government's competitiveness through economic innovation. As government data openness is expected to have a positive impact on national economies, governments around the world are under pressure for an open data policy.
According to the regulations on the recognition of knowledge-based companies and institutions, knowledge-based companies are private or cooperative institutions that aim to increase science and wealth, economic development based on knowledge and realize scientific and economic goals in line with the expansion of invention and innovation and finally the commercialization of research and development results.(Including the design and production of goods and services) is formed in the field of superior technologies with a lot of added value (especially in the production of related software).
According to the approved regulations, knowledge-based companies pursue goals such as persuading the faculty of universities and research units for more activities in meeting the needs of society and the possibility of increasing the income of faculty members, commercializing research findings, increasing the specific income of universities and research units, the general theme of knowledge-based activity.
Isfahan Science and Research Town as the first organization to establish growth centers and science and technology parks in the country in the area of Azadegan highway in Khomeinishahr and next to Isfahan University of Technology, and close to industrial towns and exemplary tourism areas of Khomeinishahr including Cheshme Lader while supporting the launch andthe development of knowledge-based companies and institutions has been able to take effective steps in the development of production and export of knowledge-based products and sustainable employment of university graduates. In any case, no study has been done on the transparency of government data and its effect on the competitiveness of governments.To fill the research gap, this study investigated the effect of government data transparency on the country's competitiveness with the mediating role of knowledge-based economy at the level of knowledge-based companies based in Tehran and Isfahan.
This research seeks to answer the following questions: 1. How does the transparency of government data affect the formation of the knowledge-based economy of countries? 2. How does the knowledge-based level of a country affect competitiveness? 3. Can the formation of a knowledge-based economy play a mediating role in the effect of transparency of government data on the competitiveness of Iran?
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In research studied open government data through a systematic empirical literature review. This study conducts a systematic literature review of 169 empirical studies of open government data and derives a theoretical framework of antecedents, decisions, and outcomes to understand the evidence of these data in the context of the digital economy and a theory-based research agenda to exploit the potential. Research in this framework is presented.
In a research, researchers developed methodologies and applications in the knowledge-based economy by using multi-criteria decision-making analysis.The results showed that the simultaneous discussion of recent methodologies and applications using multi-criteria decision-making analysis and consideration of the challenges shaping the knowledge-based economy depends on the themes of technological forecasting and social changes.
In a paper, researchers have studied the impact of globalization on peace and stability: governance concepts and knowledge economy of African countries.They stated that there is an indirect relationship between globalization and the knowledge-based economy of African countries, which affects peace and stability, and peace and stability are also affected by the knowledge-based economy of the government.The results of the research show that peace and stability of the government are more strongly influenced by globalization in commercial mode than foreign direct investment.The final result of the research indicates that foreign direct investment is not a suitable and useful mechanism for estimating and preserving African knowledge.Therefore, with the development of globalization, peace and stability will increase in African countries.
In a study, under the title of the effect of openness of government data on the knowledge-based economy, they investigated the effect of open government data on the knowledge-based economy by using path analysis and factor analysis. The results of the research showed that the transparency of government data has a positive and direct effect on the formation of knowledge base in a country. Also, the knowledge-based level of a country has a positive effect on the global competitiveness of that country.
In a paper, researchers conducted a systematic review on open governance data design.
Researchers in research titled knowledge-based economy in the European Union, using cluster analysis on the main components of the strategy indicators for the studied countries, tried to find out the position of the 27 countries of the European Union from the perspective of the knowledge-based economy. Their study provided a basis for understanding the position of Romania among the countries of the European Union.
Researchers in research entitled Redefining the knowledge-based economy-sustainable development relationship, examined various definitions and approaches related to the subject of knowledge-based economy and how to measure it, as well as various theories that have been presented in the field of sustainable development, withthe use of content analysis method has been discussed.
In a paper, researchers have done research called knowledge economy by using content analysis.According to them, the advancement of information and communication technologies and the importance of knowledge as a determining factor in organizational competitiveness and productivity require special requirements for the organization.(Hsu et al., 2008) have paid attention to the investigation of competitive policies for the purpose of technological innovations in the era of knowledge-based economy.The results of their study show the positive effect of competitive policies on technological innovations.
In a paper, researchers also investigated the knowledge gap and the relative efficiency of the selected countries in the transition to a knowledge-based economy in an article titled "Development of Southeast Asian countries towards a knowledge-based economy" by using data envelopment analysis.In this article, the performance of selected countries is evaluated by two methods: radar chart and data coverage analysis.
In a research, researchers stated that in the knowledge-based economy, information, technology and learning have been introduced as factors of growth and productivity. In fact, with the continuous application and production of knowledge as the core of the economic development process, the economy necessarily becomes a knowledge-based economy. Knowledge-based economy is an economy in which knowledge is the main key to economic growth. In this economy, knowledge is acquired, produced and disseminated and is used efficiently and effectively to increase economic development.
In a paper, researchers, during a study, examine the effect of different aspects of knowledge (within the framework of knowledge-based economy) on the economic growth of 92 countries during the period of 1960-2000. In this study, using modeling, several indicators are used for each axis of the knowledge-based economy. The results showed that different aspects of knowledge had a positive effect on the economic growth of 83 during the study period.
3- METHODOLOGY
In this study, five constructs were extracted from the literature related to open data and the knowledge-based economy: data openness, knowledge distribution, knowledge creation, knowledge diffusion, and competitiveness.Data transparency is defined as the transparency of government data.Absorption of knowledge is the concept of acquiring knowledge in a country.Creating knowledge means producing new knowledge in a country.Diffusion of knowledge means the distribution of knowledge of one country to other countries.Competitiveness means the competitive advantages of a country.The competitiveness index is obtained from the announced economic reports of the world.
The research method in this study is based on the research orientation, applied type and based on the research strategy, survey type. Also, based on the research method, a description of the type of correlation and the statistical population of this research including specialists, senior managers and experts in the field of government data, knowledge-based economy and competitiveness from knowledge-based companies based in Tehran (90 people) and knowledge-based companies based in Science City and the research was conducted in Isfahan (100 people), which is a total of 190 people. Considering the extent of these organizations, using the stratified sampling method, after dividing the statistical population of this research into two groups, Tehran and Isfahan, the number of samples was determined in proportion to the number of experts in each organization (82 and 68 people, respectively) and then by using the random sampling method and the sampling formula from the limited population and the accuracy of 5%, the number of people is estimated to be 150. Finally, managers and experts were randomly selected. In other words, in the present research, all the managers, specialists and experts familiar with the aforementioned systems in the companies are considered as the statistical population of the research, and the designed questionnaires will be distributed and collected within 2 months. This research was cross-sectional and the situation of the problem was measured in the spring of 2017 and the summer of 2017. Data collection is done by using a questionnaire.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
According to the results of this paper, the value of R2 has been calculated for the endogenous structure of the level of knowledge-based economy (0.527), and the endogenous structure of competitiveness (0.468), which confirms the suitability of the fit of the structural model according to the three criterion values.
According to the obtained values for Q2 of endogenous constructs, it is clear that there is a strong predictive power of the model regarding all constructs and the fit of the structural model of the research is confirmed again.
Finally, after calculating all the fit criteria of the measurement models and the structural model of the research, the overall fit of the model should be calculated. As calculated in the output of the software, the value of GOF equal to 0.293 was obtained, which is a good value and indicates an almost strong fit of the structural model, as a result, the overall fit of the model is also confirmed.
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
Considering the confirmation of the main hypothesis, we can conclude that: 1- Access to the government data line has a positive effect on the formation of the knowledge-based economy in Iran. 2- The release of sustainable data collection has a positive effect on the formation of knowledge-based economy in Iran. Comparing the output of this research with other researches, it was found that no research has been done in this regard. On the other hand, the output of this research is consistent with the previous researches.
Considering the results of the research, the following policy recommendations and practical suggestions were presented: 1. Providing the necessary platforms for the dynamic and constructive interaction of our country's industries with regional and international industrial countries; 2. Providing the necessary incentives to attract foreign investment; 3. And applying outward-looking business policies, including basic and basic solutions to improve the competitiveness of our country's knowledge-based industries in global and regional markets; 4. Emphasizing on applied research and facilitating and encouraging the use of scientific findings in the process of globalization of production and trade as practical measures for the simultaneous promotion of knowledge base and development. 5. Providing favorable financial resources, including risk-taking investors, foreign investment and government budgets in order to launch knowledge-based businesses; 6. Providing appropriate infrastructure including telecommunications, information and communication technology, scientific networks; 7. Development of government policies, including business support environment, legal system, tax system and appropriate regulatory policies; 8. Rule the thinking of innovation, invention and creativity in the education system instead of reservations, to encourage the country's young forces to engage in entrepreneurial activities and start knowledge-based businesses.
ZeInab Siahpoosh; Sayed Mohammad Bagher Najafi; Jamal Fathollahi; yosef mohamadifar
Abstract
1- IntroductionThe realization of a knowledge-based economy requires appropriate cultural prerequisites. According to Stiglitz (Stiglit, 1999(, one of the first and most important issues is to provide cultural prerequisites and realize the effective cultural factors in this regard . In fact, cultural ...
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1- IntroductionThe realization of a knowledge-based economy requires appropriate cultural prerequisites. According to Stiglitz (Stiglit, 1999(, one of the first and most important issues is to provide cultural prerequisites and realize the effective cultural factors in this regard . In fact, cultural factors are one of the most crucial factors and prerequisites for transforming the economy of Iran and Kermanshah province into a knowledge-based, dynamic, persistent, capable, and competitive economy in the country. Therefore, this study used an institutional theoretical framework to identify and prioritize cultural factors affecting the realization of a knowledge-based economy.2- Theoretical framework It is of high importance to have an appropriate institutional regime framework to facilitate interactions between different parts of the knowledge-based economy (Schiliro, 2012). The institutional regime consists of formal rules, informal (institutions) restrictions, and their executive characteristics (North,1996b). Informal institutions are the informal behavioral rules of society that are part of the culture.3- MethodologyThe most important cultural indicators affecting the realization of the knowledge economy were investigated and selected by referring to the previous literature and upstream documents and interviews with 14 experts in the field. Then, pairwise comparison questionnaires were completed by 20 experts, and indicators were extracted by Expert Choice. Finally, the indicators were prioritized by hierarchical analysis.4- Results & DiscussionAccording to the results of the study:Education as one of the most important elements of the knowledge-based economy accounts for the first priority (28%) among the top 10 indicators. Hence, it is necessary to have a skilled and educated workforce to provide efficiency, learning, dissemination, and application of knowledge, which leads to increased productivity of factors of production as well as economic growth and development (Chen & Dahlman, 2005). Among the components of education, primary education (56%) is the most important grade, whereas secondary education accounts for 18%, which indicates the major role of primary education in the knowledge-based economy. In fact, basic education strengthens the foundations of human capital by training the skilled and experienced workforce, resulting in the realization of a knowledge-based economy by creation a scientism institution and social capital.Rationality: To achieve development in the knowledge-based economy, it is necessary to refer to reason and thinking and strengthen the rational and scientific attitude of rationality in society, because the production of science and knowledge relies on thinking and a rational approach. This indicator (14%) accounts for the next priority after education in terms of impact on the realization of the knowledge-based economy in Kermanshah province. Among the dimensions of rationality indicator, the most important dimension is the position of science and knowledge (24%) and the most important component of the dimension is scientism (30%).3.Skill of Thinking skill: Development is an internal issue, a collective phenomenon, and an important goal that requires the highest degree of coordination and participation. In other words, there must be coordination and consistency in the thoughts and ideas for coordinating peoples' actions (Sariolghalam, 2007, p. 56). Therefore, harmonizing the thoughts leads to harmony in the actions of individuals, flourishes creativity and innovation, and ultimately enables the achievement of the knowledge-based model. This indicator (9.6%) accounts for the third priority.The fourth indicator is justice (8.6%) with judicial justice as the most important dimension of the justice indicator. Moreover, the most important component of the judicial justice dimension is the fair implementation of laws. Justice affects the realization of the knowledge-based economy in two ways: 1) by creation equal access for all to public facilities, in particular, educational and health facilities, and ultimately, the realization of human development, which is one of the main institutional contexts for achieving a knowledge-based economy, and 2) by establishing equal conditions for all in order to attend a fair competition.The ethics indicator (8.1%) accounts for the fifth priority, with the political dimension with the meritocracy component in the transfer of responsibilities as the most important dimension of the indicator. According to Williamson's four-level analytical framework, many of the ethical values affecting the realization of the knowledge-based economy, such as the emergence of informal institutions produce development at the first level. Informal institutions formed at the first level lead to the emergence of some rules at the second level. According to the rules of the second level, the proper management is accomplished at the society, and finally, the results obtained in the previous three levels lead to the realization of a knowledge-oriented society in the fourth level (Fathollahi et al., 2015).Subjective culture (7.5%) and social order (7.4%) (the sixth and seventh priorities) play a role in the realization of this new production model. The most important component of subjective culture is the attitude towards learning science. Moreover, the most important dimension of the order indicator is legality and the most important component of the legality dimension is the remark for private property.In addition, scientific independence (6.2%) and cultural interactions (6.2%) account for the same priority (the eighth and ninth priorities). However, the objective dimension of culture (4.6%) accounts for the last priority in terms of the effect on the realization of the knowledge-based economy so that mismatch rate of 2% also reflects consistency between the results.5- Conclusions In general, since culture, knowledge transfer, values, and other factors affecting behavior are defined from one generation to another through education and imitation, education by training skilled and capable people results in the development of rational attitude and changes in the attitude of people (North, 1990, p. 79). According to Max Weber, harmony in the attitude of individuals creates a kind of collective reason called rationality (Yeganeh & Labibi, 2011, p. 106). On the other hand, governing rationality in society leads to the establishment of social order and its stability.
