Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Volume 31 (2024)

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Volume 30 (2023)

Volume 29 (2022)

Volume 28 (2021)

Volume 27 (2020)

Volume 26 (2019)

Volume 25 (2018)

Volume 24 (2017)

Volume 23 (2017)

Volume 22 (2016)

Volume 21 (2015)

Volume 20 (2014)

Volume 19 (2013)

Volume 18 (2011)

The scientific journal " Journal of economics and regional development" has been published as a biannual publication since 1390 (2011) in collaboration with the Scientific Association of Regional Development Economics of Iran, with Ferdowsi University of Mashhad as its owner.

In this journal, research articles in Persian, accompanied by extended abstracts in English, are eligible for review and publication.

Original Article Regional Economics

The effect of macroeconomic variables on exchange rates in developed, developing and less developed countries

amirreza soori; fatemeh panahi

Volume 31, ***** , June 2022, Pages 180-210

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.88686.1242

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the impact of macroeconomic changes on the value of currency in developed, developing and less developed countries. The data used are quarterly panel data for the period 1996 to 2022, which are presented using the Sticky Price Monetary Model (SPMM) ... Read More The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the impact of macroeconomic changes on the value of currency in developed, developing and less developed countries. The data used are quarterly panel data for the period 1996 to 2022, which are presented using the Sticky Price Monetary Model (SPMM) method. The results of this study showed that there is a negative relationship between the exchange rate and the gross domestic product (GDP) in all the investigated groups. This means that increases typically lead to lower GDP, which can lead to higher prices and lower purchasing power. On the other hand, the results show that the relationship between the exchange rate and inflation (IN) and liquidity (M2) is positive in all groups, which indicates that it increases the exchange rate and increases prices and liquidity in the economy. This is especially the case in less developed countries, which may be affected by exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, the research results showed that in the short term, the relationship between the exchange rate and the rate in the developed and developing evaluation is negative, which means that the increase in the interest rate is usually localized to strengthen. On the contrary, in the least developed, in the short term, there is a positive relationship between the assessment of the desire and the amount of attention given to specific economic reasons and existing shortages. These results indicate the importance of paying attention to the structural differences between countries and the need for policies based on the economic conditions of each country. In this study, the Granger causality test was used for the long-term study between the exchange rate and economic changes and the interest rate. The results of the research indicate a long-term convergence between exchange rates and economic growth and interest rates. Greater economic growth increases income and stability in the production and service sector and ultimately lowers the exchange rate. On the other hand, the ratio between currency evaluation and evaluation is also negative in the long run for all the groups under investigation. Because the increase in interest in the long term may cause a decrease in capital or the attraction of foreign capital, which ultimately helps to strengthen the national currency. These results have multifaceted economic policies and show that the management of exploitation and economic growth evaluation can achieve stability.

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Original Article Development and planning economics

Utilizing unused urban spaces to produce solar electricity under uncertainty (using simulation with PVsyst software)

Seyyed mohammad Seyyed hosseini; Arash Dourandish; Seyyed Mahdi Mostafavi

Volume 31, ***** , June 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.80484.1163

Abstract

One of the current challenges of the world is climate change and environmental pollution, which is one of the major consequences of fossil fuel consumption all over the world. To tackle this challenge, the use of renewable energies such as solar energy, especially in urban areas that have a significant ... Read More

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Original Article Growth and development economics

Investigating the effect of economic uncertainty on the shadow economy with the moderating role of banking concentration

Mehdi Rahimiebakhshmand; Syma Eskandari; Mahdi Moradi; Seyed Yousef Hajiasghari

Volume 31, ***** , June 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.86378.1220

Abstract

Past literature has confirmed the negative effects of economic uncertainty on production, investment, and employment. However, very limited studies consider the impact of economic uncertainty and banking concentration on the informal sectors. This study examines the effects of economic uncertainty on ... Read More

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Original Article Water economy

Investigating some factors affecting the water consumption of household customers in Mashhad city

Amir Narimani; Mahindokht kazemi

Volume 31, ***** , June 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.88723.1244

Abstract

Today, water shortage has become a major problem. Having clean water for human needs is one of the basic factors and is known as the factor of civilization. In this research, some of the important factors affecting the water consumption of the household customers of Mashhad city have been investigated ... Read More

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Original Article Employment

Evaluation and prioritization of the impact of the facilities granted by the state banks of Hamadan province in creating jobs for small and medium enterprises during the period (2017-2024)

Hossein Hajibabaei; Mehdi Ajalli; Majid Fosolee

Volume 31, ***** , June 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.82606.1184

Abstract

AbstractThe expansion and revitalization of small and medium enterprises in industrial provinces is an inevitable necessity to reduce unemployment and use the potential capacities of industrial centers. Hamedan province, like other industrial provinces, is no exception in this regard and this factor ... Read More AbstractThe expansion and revitalization of small and medium enterprises in industrial provinces is an inevitable necessity to reduce unemployment and use the potential capacities of industrial centers. Hamedan province, like other industrial provinces, is no exception in this regard and this factor can be effective in the economic growth of the province. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate and prioritize the impact of facilities granted by state-owned banks on job creation of small and medium enterprises in Hamadan province during the period (2016-2021). The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study includes 68 experts and managers of state-owned banks and related executive bodies involved in the research subject. Due to the limited size of the population, the census method (all members of the community) is used as a sample. For this purpose, by reviewing the literature, background and interviews with experts of state-owned banks and related executive bodies, a conceptual model consisting of the structures of "facilities granted by state-owned banks" and "employment of small and medium enterprises" was proposed. In order to test the proposed model and hypotheses and answer the research questions, the path analysis approach and the hierarchical analysis process are used. The final result of the evaluation with this process showed that the first factor (facilities related to working capital in the industry and mining sector) with the highest weight (0.43) ranked first, the second factor (facilities related to fixed capital in the industry and mining sector) It is ranked second with weight (0.36). Also, the fourth factor (facilities related to working capital in the agricultural sector) with a weight of (0.21) is ranked last in terms of importance. Finally, scientific and practical suggestions related to the output of the research hypotheses test are presented; Issues and inadequacies in the financing of small and medium enterprises in Hamadan province will be reviewed and solutions and improvement and development proposals for financing small and medium enterprises through the banking system will be presented.

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Original Article Macroeconomics

Asymmetric Impacts of Oil Price Shocks and Foreign Direct Investment on Unemployment Rate in Iran

Ahmad Seraji; majid dashtban; azim nazari

Volume 31, ***** , June 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.84497.1199

Abstract

The harmful effects of high unemployment rate have made the growth of production and employment one of the important goals of developing economies. Currently, Iran's economy is facing the problem of high unemployment rate and its economic and social consequences. Oil price shocks and foreign direct investment ... Read More

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Original Article economic development

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Derakhsan Abdonaser; Alireza Abroud; Farshid Ahmadi Farsani

Volume 31, ***** , June 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.90705.1257

Abstract

امروزه توسعه مالی به طور گسترده به عنوان یک کاتالیزور کلیدی برای رشد و پیشرفت اقتصادی شناخته شده است. با این حال، تأثیر توسعه مالی بر پایداری محیط‌زیست نامشخص است. علاوه ... Read More

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Original Article oil

The Effect of Oil Price Shocks on Household Risk Preparation in Selected Oil Exporting Countries

Roa'a Mohammed kadhim; sara ghobadi; Hussein Shnawa Majeed Al-Zerkani; Hossein Sharifi Renani

Volume 31, ***** , June 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.90695.1255

Abstract

The household is one of the important institutions of the society, which has the role of cultivating the labor force and turning it into human capital. This important institution faces risks and harmful issues, the ability to deal with them affects the well-being of the family members and, as a result, ... Read More The household is one of the important institutions of the society, which has the role of cultivating the labor force and turning it into human capital. This important institution faces risks and harmful issues, the ability to deal with them affects the well-being of the family members and, as a result, the society. In oil exporting countries, oil price shocks are important factors that affect all aspects of the economy, including the household risk preparation. The aim of the current research is to analyze the symmetrical and asymmetrical effects of oil price shocks on household risk preparation in 10 selected oil exporting countries during the period of 2002-2021. For this purpose, first, the index of the household risk preparation was created using the variables of access to financial resources, social support, human capital and the economic capacity of the government and by applying the principal component analysis (PCA) method for the studied period. To achieve the mentioned goal, the principal component analysis (PMG) and the nonlinear panel autoregressive distributed lags method (PNARDL) were used. The results showed that estimation by nonlinear PNARDL method is more efficient than linear PMG method. The results of PNARDL indicated that in the long run, the positive oil price shock has led to an increase in the household risk preparation, while the negative oil price shock has led to a decrease in the the household risk preparation. Other variables in the model, including the global demand for oil and capital, have led to an increase in the the household risk preparation, and the increase in population has led to its decrease. The error correction coefficient also shows that in each period, 35.4% of short-term imbalances have been adjusted and moved towards their long-term trend. The result of the symmetry test indicated the symmetry of positive and negative oil price shocks in the short term and their asymmetry in the long term.

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Original Article Iran's economy

Investigating the Impact of FDI, Industrialization and Education on the Environment in Iran: Blanchard-Qoah Approach

Saman Davaneghi; Seyyedkamal Sadeghi; Behrooz Pourhasan; Yusef Davaneghi; Mehrdad Babazadeh

Volume 31, ***** , June 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.86583.1222

Abstract

Environmental pollution poses a serious challenge to human societies, as it significantly threatens the safety of human life. Industrialization and foreign direct investment are fundamental drivers of sustainable economic development. Additionally, education plays a crucial role in enhancing human capital ... Read More

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Original Article economic development

the Effect of Good Governance on Income Inequality in OPEC Countries

Hamid Asayesh; hadi rahmanifazli; reza shamsollahi; fattaneh niknam

Volume 31, ***** , June 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2025.88229.1238

Abstract

Income inequality is one of the most important economic and social issues governing any society, which is influenced by various economic and non-economic factors. Meanwhile, paying attention to issues such as good governance and related components is one of the most important factors affecting income ... Read More

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Original Article Tourism

The Effect of Economic Policy Uncertainty on the International Tourism Revenue of Developing Countries (Including Iran)

behnam elyaspour; Roohollah Babaki; narges sanjari konarsandal

Volume 31, ***** , June 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2025.88034.1234

Abstract

The expansion of the tourism industry as an industry that interacts with different fields, such as economy, culture, environment, agriculture and services, is very important and the experiences of other regions of the world have shown that the development of the tourism industry in each region has caused ... Read More

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Original Article International Economics

Investigating and analyzing the flow of remittances and its impact on the income, consumption and savings of households in Afghanistan

Rahman Saadat; Zabiullah Saadat; Majid Maddah

Volume 31, ***** , June 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2025.90821.1259

Abstract

AbstractThe emerging and developing countries of South Asia, including Afghanistan, receive significant amounts of international remittances annually. So sometimes, the inflow of remittances of these countries is estimated to be more than foreign direct investments FDI. The 4.6 million migrants from ... Read More

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Original Article

a Sustainable Development Model For Non-Oil Exports Based On Analysis Strategic Turning-Points

fariborz rajabipoor shirkoohi; mohammad doostar; Esmaeil Malekakhlagh; Mohammad Rahim Ramezanian

Volume 31, ***** , June 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2025.91149.1264

Abstract

Considering the increase in the importance of non-oil exports to compensate for the decrease in oil exports or the decrease in its price in the future and the resulting instability of foreign exchange earnings, it can cause problems in the economic development and development planning of the country. ... Read More

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Original Article Regional Urban Economy

The Effect of Industrial Diversity on Manufacturing Employment Volatility in Iranian Provinces

Mohammad Reza Jokar; zahra dehghan shabani

Volume 31, ***** , June 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2025.88846.1245

Abstract

1- Introduction:The study examines the relationship between industrial diversity and manufacturing employment volatility in Iranian provinces. Regional employment volatility, characterized by significant fluctuations in employment levels, can lead to economic instability and high unemployment, as displaced ... Read More 1- Introduction:The study examines the relationship between industrial diversity and manufacturing employment volatility in Iranian provinces. Regional employment volatility, characterized by significant fluctuations in employment levels, can lead to economic instability and high unemployment, as displaced workers struggle to find new jobs. Understanding the factors that influence employment volatility is crucial for policymakers seeking to promote regional economic stability.2- MethodologyThis paper investigates the effect of industrial diversity on manufacturing employment volatility in 27 Iranian provinces from 2001 to 2019. The authors utilize a panel data model and the System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation technique to account for the dynamic nature of employment volatility and address potential endogeneity issues.3- ResultsThe findings suggest that increased industrial diversity has a negative and statistically significant effect on manufacturing employment volatility in Iranian provinces. This indicates that a more diversified industrial base can help stabilize regional employment levels and mitigate the adverse impacts of economic shocks. The results have important policy implications, as they suggest that promoting industrial diversification could be an effective strategy for reducing employment volatility and enhancing the resilience of local labor markets in Iran.Additionally, the results show a U-shaped relationship between employment growth rates and employment volatility. The employment volatility in previous period, industrial structure change, and inflation volatility have a positive impact, while the size of factories and the ratio of employment in capital-intensive and knowledge-based industries have a negative impact on employment volatility.4- ConclusionThe study contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the role of industrial diversity in shaping regional employment volatility, with a focus on the understudied context of Iranian provinces. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and regional development planners seeking to foster more stable and resilient local economies.

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Investigation of the Effect of Innovation Spillover on Economic Growth

Volume 30, Issue 26 , February 2024, , Pages 30-57

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2023.80375.1159

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTION Investigation of the importance and the impact of various factors on the economic growth of countries is crucial in short-term and long-term planning in various countries. Traditional theories and models of economic development only consider capital and labor as economic growth ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTION Investigation of the importance and the impact of various factors on the economic growth of countries is crucial in short-term and long-term planning in various countries. Traditional theories and models of economic development only consider capital and labor as economic growth factors for nations and regions. Today, economists consider innovation, along with knowledge and technology, to be one of the fundamental variables in the economic development and development of countries. Knowledge and innovation can generate social welfare in diverse regions and countries and contribute to achieving sustainable economic growth. In this regard, it is crucial to note that the path of innovation development varies across regions and countries, and that a distinct innovative geography is created based on these differences. The issue of inter-regional or inter-country spillover effects of various variables, such as innovation spillovers, is a second crucial aspect of economic growth and development planning in different regions or countries. Thus, innovation can impact both the economic development of the innovating country and the economic growth of neighboring countries with trade linkages to that country. Examination the spatial dimension of the problem will be crucial for determining how spillovers occur and their effectiveness in the innovation process as well as economic growth and development, whereas excluding inter-regional (inter-country) effects will bias the results and misleading results. On the other hand, considering the inter-regional (inter-country) effects of innovation and other variables in the model can help in the planning of regional development in different countries. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK According to new theories, there are four distinct categories of innovation: product innovation, process innovation, organizational innovation, and marketing innovation. There is substantial evidence that various categories of innovation have distinct economic effects in countries. These differences are primarily attributable to variations in the level of pertinent externalities (spillovers) and the capacity of innovators to internalize the public benefits of these activities (fit). Thus, innovative knowledge penetrates the production process in two different ways. The first instance is when a company utilizes new technical knowledge developed during the production process. The second consequence is the spillovers of such knowledge. However, knowledge diffusion in other innovation institutions can only be observed once innovation and technology have reached a certain level. The concept of knowledge spillover is closely associated with the correlation effect, where in the recipient of an innovation assimilates it to facilitate economic advancement. The spillover effect has the potential to yield beneficial outcomes by fostering innovation and facilitating economic progress, but it can also have negative consequences. The adverse impact of knowledge spillover primarily arises from external circumstances, as well as the inherent uncertainties and risks associated with research and development endeavors. Consequently, the inability of spillovers to fully realize the benefits of their research and development endeavors diminishes enterprises' motivation to allocate resources towards innovation. The positive impact of knowledge spillover is directed towards individuals or organizations that possess absorptive potential, enabling them to effectively assimilate and utilize sophisticated information and technology. 3- METHODOLOGY The primary objective of the present study is to examine the direct and spillover effects of innovation on economic growth within the D8 group of countries during 2012 -2021. This investigation will be conducted through the utilization of a spatial econometric model. Spatial econometrics is widely regarded as a major development in the field of estimation, having emerged alongside the introduction of the "New Economic Geography (NEG)" theory. This technique is associated with the research conducted by Krugman (1991), Fujita, Krugman, and Venable (2001), as well as Venables and Puga (1998). The econometric models under consideration has the capability to incorporate both spillover and indirect impacts of variables, in addition to the direct effects that are typically addressed in classic econometrics. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION Based on the results of the model, the direct effect of innovation index on economic growth has been positive and significant. Also, the indirect effects of this variable have been positive and significant. Therefore, it can be said that the amount of innovation in the studied countries has both domestic and international spillover effects (through the establishment of trade relations) on the economic growth of the countries. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS Based on this, it is suggested that the studied countries pay special attention to the issue of innovation. Provide the necessary incentives to strengthen innovation in these countries, such as paying special attention to patents. Because having a patent is one of the motivating factors for innovation and further to achieve new technologies. This can be the basis for creating new processes in production, inventing new methods in countries. Paying attention to the spillover and indirect effects of innovation can also be very important. Based on this, it can be suggested that countries should pay attention to the fact that they prioritize the trade of goods with more knowledge (accumulation of knowledge and its transfer) in order to benefit more from the spillover effects of innovation. The higher the trade and especially the import of goods with knowledge and innovation, the countries can use the knowledge and innovation stored in these goods to strengthen knowledge and innovation within the country and economic growth will be strengthened.

The impact of urban development taxes on private sector investment in housing; A case study of Tehran city

Volume 30, Issue 26 , February 2024, , Pages 1-29

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2023.82454.1182

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTION Today, the issue of providing financial resources is important for municipalities all over the world, including Iran. These sources of income are influenced by macroeconomic conditions. This means that, in the economic recession, they decrease and city managers ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTION Today, the issue of providing financial resources is important for municipalities all over the world, including Iran. These sources of income are influenced by macroeconomic conditions. This means that, in the economic recession, they decrease and city managers can not fulfill their duties. The financing methods required by municipalities in all parts of the world are direct sale of services, local taxes, use of government aid and issuance of bonds. But, the importance of these sources of revenue is different for big and even small cities in Iran. That is, the share of these resources from the total revenue of municipalities in a city like Tehran is low, and about 60-70% of the revenue sources of municipalities are related to housing.This dependence of the income of municipalities on their housing sector has become a serious challenge, because in times of recession in the housing sector, the income of municipalities decreases. Therefore, during the past decades, Tehran Municipality provides a discount for urban development fees during the recession. Now, the basic question of this study is that the urbaning permit fee have an effect on the private sector's investment in housing in Tehran. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The theoretical analysis of investment in the housing sector is based on conventional investment theories in macroeconomics. Two important investment theories are discussed: the theory of the principle of acceleration (which itself is divided into two models of fixed acceleration and flexible acceleration model) related to the classics and the final efficiency theory of investment related to John Maynard Keynes. Acceleration pattern theory is based on the concept that changes in sales or income cause an increase in total investment. But Keynes believed that the amount of investment depends on the final efficiency of capital and interest rate. The relationship between investment and capital efficiency and interest rate is inverse. Both theories are used in this study. 3- METHODOLOGY In this study, an attempt is made to investigate the impact of urban development complications (permit issuance complications) on private sector investment in Tehran city housing. To do this, the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) was used, and the data obtained from the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the statistics of the Tehran municipality for the years 2010-2018. In this model, the dependent variable is influenced by the lag of the dependent variable itself and other independent variables. It should be noted that in order to investigate the long-term and short-term relationships between the dependent variable and other explanatory variables, collective methods such as the Engel-Granger method and ECM error correction models have been used. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION The long-term model estimation results show that the coefficients of two macro-economic variables, i.e. GDP and liquidity, are positive and significant. The interest rate of bank deposits has a negative effect (according to common theories), but it is insignificant. The price of coins, as a competitor for housing, has a negative and significant effect, which is consistent with the initial expectation as well as previous studies. The total index of Tehran Stock Exchange has a positive and significant relationship with investment in the housing sector. Finally, the building permit fee do not have a significant impact on private sector investment. This shows that the reduction of building permit fee does not affect the motivation of private sector investors in Tehran housing in the long term. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS The long-term pattern shows that building permit fees do not have a significant effect on private sector investment in Tehran housing. This means that the discount in building permit fees may create sources of revenue for Tehran Municipality in the short term, but it has no effect in the long term. Other results of this model have shown that Tehran, macroeconomic variables such as GDP, liquidity and stock market index have a positive and significant effect on private sector investment in Tehran city housing. This means that the growth of national production will cause the growth of all economic sectors, including housing, and this will provide the necessary ground for the development of investment for the private sector. In addition, the increase in liquidity allows more resources to be transferred to the housing sector. Also, considering the large number of large construction companies in the stock market and providing financial resources from this market, the growth of the market has a positive and significant effect on investment in the housing sector of Tehran. The interest rate of bank deposits also has a negative but insignificant effect on investment in the housing sector, which can be caused by the high inflation in Iran's economy. Finally, coin price has a negative relationship with housing investment.Therefore, according to our results, it is suggested that Tehran Municipality stop applying discounts on urbaning permit fees and seek to identify sources of revenue and new methods of financing or use the items such as renovation fees, waste, business and trade, advertising boards and instruments available in the financial markets.

Investigation of the Impact of Dubai and Oman Crude Oil Market Structure on Iranian Crude Oil in the Asian Market

Volume 30, Issue 26 , February 2024, , Pages 58-86

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2023.79779.1152

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTIONFinancial markets and oil exchanges and their expectations play a major role in understanding oil price changes. To analyze and understand how crude oil prices change, it is important to pay attention to these markets. In IRAN, the International Deputy of National Oil Company determines ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTIONFinancial markets and oil exchanges and their expectations play a major role in understanding oil price changes. To analyze and understand how crude oil prices change, it is important to pay attention to these markets. In IRAN, the International Deputy of National Oil Company determines the price of Iranian oil by using different pricing methods and mechanisms. One of the factors they use for pricing is the price of oil in the FOB Persian Gulf region, including the oil price of Dubai and Oman oil exchanges.The current pricing models of Iran's crude oil prices in the East Asian market have not yet taken into account the role of stock exchanges and capital markets in price calculations. Current method of determination of the price of Iranian crude oil in Asia, it uses the price of index oil in the physical market and the price of index oil in the stock market of that region. This article examines the impact of the financial layers of the Dubai crude oil market on the price of Iranian crude oil and the extent to which the behavior of the price of Iranian crude oil in the Asian market affects the financial markets of Asia such as the Dubai Stock Exchange. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKThe Asian oil market is one of the largest markets in the world and the largest oil customers such as China, India, etc. are located in this region. Also, this market is one of the largest customers even in the condition of Iran's oil embargo, so investigating various financial factors and market structure of competitive and leading crude oil in the Asian market is one of the important issues in maintaining the country's oil market. If the country's oil price formula is developed based on the oil considerations of other competitors, it will have the characteristic of being competitive with other producers in this region. On the other hand, maintaining the market share in the Asian market depends on the price formula that takes into account the most considerations of the capital market (stocks in this region) along with the fluctuations in the price of crude oil indicators in this market. 3- METHODOLOGYIn this research, the multivariate GARCH method and daily time series data of 2010-2019 are used to investigate the impact of the financial structure of the Asian oil market on the price of Iranian oil. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSIONThe price of Iranian crude oil in the Asian market is dependent on the financial markets of Dubai index crude oil, and as expected, using the Brent market structure in the ICE exchange for the pricing of Iranian crude oil in the Asian market gives a wrong signal because the European crude oil exchange market has a significant effect on the price of crude oil. Iran has no market in the East and this is despite what is usually said in academic societies. On the other hand, due to the regional nature of the oil market, the price of regional crude oil influences the Iranian oil market, and the stock market has a regional effect on the price of crude oil. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONSIn this research, three markets were examined; the Oil market, the Tokyo stock market and the Iranian crude oil market in the East Asia region. First, a shock is created in the stock market. With the effect of policy changes, market expectations are changed and price shocks are created in the stock market. The effect of turbulence in one market is transferred to other markets. Every shock in one market creates a positive impulse in another market. In other words, if the fluctuations in the futures market (Dubai Stock Exchange) increase, the price of Iranian crude oil will also increase in the market and have a positive effect on the fluctuations.Based on the findings of this research, it can be stated that oil exchanges play an important, influential and positive role in determining the price of Iranian crude oil, and any fluctuation in the market structure of oil exchanges will cause fluctuations in the price of Iranian crude oil. Also, the price of Iranian crude oil in the Asian market is a function of the structure of the oil market (contango or backward).The Ministry of Petroleum, especially the international affairs of the National Iranian Oil Company, should pay attention to the developments of the oil market regionally, the connection of the capital and futures markets in crude oil pricing, oil sales negotiations, marketing and conclusion of oil sales contracts. Also, it is suggested to modify the traditional pricing models in the Asian market in such a way that in the oil pricing formulas in the Asian market, especially the changes in the future prices of the index crude oil of this region and its stock market and the financial structure of the oil market of Dubai and Oman are also taken into account. Also, in the pricing formula of Iranian oil in the Asian market, in addition to the role of Saudi Arabia as a competitor, use the variables of the model used in the current article. It is also suggested that the international affairs of the National Oil Company pay attention to futures contract transactions in paper exchanges in this Asian market to cover the risk caused by crude oil price fluctuations. In short-term and long-term budget planning of the government should pay attention to the relationship between capital markets and oil futures with the oil market, especially in this region; have such models and use them in their policies. The central bank of IRAN also has models to explain the behavior of crude oil prices in the market so that it can control the currency fluctuations that are mainly caused by the fluctuations of the financial markets and the oil market. The Budget Management and Planning Organization needs to estimate the price of crude oil in the annual budget to calculate the country's annual income, and also to implement development plans, it is necessary to estimate oil revenues and oil prices. Based on the analysis of financial factors, they can have a more correct analysis of the price of oil.For further studies, other target markets for the sale of crude oil (including the Mediterranean and North American markets) and other grades of Iranian crude oil in those markets can be examined. It is better to use other econometric methods, for example, IGARCH, ARFIMA and FIGARCH methods for estimation. In the same way, I suggest that in the next studies, the interest rate and the dollar rate, as well as the effects of other stock exchanges, should be considered as a variable, and the effect of other economic indicators should be investigated, and other non-oil stock market items can also be added to the model and be checked

Analysis of the Role and Position of Investment in the Tourism Industry in Order to Increase Regional Competitiveness

Volume 30, Issue 26 , February 2024, , Pages 198-232

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2023.77827.1132

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTION Cities usually have diverse and large attractions including museums, monuments, theaters, sports stadiums, manques, amusement parks, shopping centers, areas with historical architecture and places related to important events or famous people, which attract many tourists. Since Yazd province ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTION Cities usually have diverse and large attractions including museums, monuments, theaters, sports stadiums, manques, amusement parks, shopping centers, areas with historical architecture and places related to important events or famous people, which attract many tourists. Since Yazd province is one of the most important destinations for domestic and foreign tourists in the country and has a lot of potential in the field of tourism development (especially based on the cultural, heritage and historical capabilities of the city). Despite the many efforts, the prospect of development of tourism in this province is unclear and undefined. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The organization of attracting investment in the tourism industry in the form of an organization and the role of this organization in the development of attracting foreign investment in the tourism industry of countries should be considered. Due to the fact that the regions have many historical and cultural attractions, they are often considered important tourist destinations. Also, in the age of globalization, regional competitiveness has been emphasized as one of the new approaches to regional development. The concept of competitiveness is used by Michael Porter in a wide range from enterprise and industry competitiveness to national and global competitiveness. Today, the importance of this issue has reached the point where the leaders of the countries at the World Economic Forum in Davos evaluate and systematically monitor the competitiveness of their nation and country. 3- METHODOLOGY The purpose of this research is to discover the relationship between investment and capital attraction in the regional tourism industry and planning to coordinate these relationships to make the region more competitive. The current research is an applied type and it plans for Yazd province by examination the theoretical foundations and extracting common indicators of capital attraction in order to promote regional tourism and regional competitiveness. So, firstly, the indicators of capital attraction were identified in order to promote regional tourism, which is related to regional competitiveness, and in order to check these indicators in Yazd province, the indicators of each component in the projects of Faradast in Yazd province were checked through MAXQDA software, and the level of attention of each plan to each component was determined. Finally, in order to analyze the interrelationships of regional competitiveness components, 5 components were used as input data to MicMAC software. The results show that among the 5 components examined in this research, 2 components have been selected as key factors effective in attracting capital in tourism in order to make a region in Yazd province more competitive.t. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION Among these 2 components, the political and economic management components, which have high influence and the least influence, have been selected as the most effective and key components. Considering that the development plans of Yazd province have paid attention to the economic components to a relatively appropriate extent, but not much attention has been paid to the administrative-political components. Therefore, in order to increase the competitiveness of Yazd province by attracting investment in the tourism industry, it is necessary to improve the indicators of political management components and also pay more attention to economic indicators in Yazd province. Also, by prioritizing the indicators of the economic and political-management components, it was determined that the indicators 1- profit and economic efficiency and currency conversion, 2- correct advertising, 3- coordination of organizations related to tourism affairs, 4- price competitiveness of the travel and tourism industry, and 5_ innovation and creativity, respectively. It has been a priority, and by focusing on these indicators and their improvements, Yazd province will find the ability to compete with other regions from the point of view of attracting investment in tourism. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS The results of our research show that in order to achieve the competitiveness of the region through attracting capital in the tourism industry, we must improve the indicators of the social, economic, physical, environmental, information technology, tourism, transportation and political-management components. However, the most key and main components are the economic and management-political components, which economic component indicators include: the variety and quality of food and beverages, proper advertising, the use of local products, etc. For example, if the variety and quality of food and beverages in an area are promoted can be found and can have a relative advantage in this field and compete with other regions, while the tourism of the region will also be promoted and generate income in this sector. It is also effective for other economic component indicators.

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