MAHDI Toghyani; arezo azari
Abstract
Introduction
Municipality as a public sector has the duty of serving people and providing goods and necessary public services for the city (citizens) such as parks, urban cleaning, streets and highways, and so on. The growth of cities along with the increase in living standards will increase the citizens' ...
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Introduction
Municipality as a public sector has the duty of serving people and providing goods and necessary public services for the city (citizens) such as parks, urban cleaning, streets and highways, and so on. The growth of cities along with the increase in living standards will increase the citizens' needs. As a result, the municipality needs financial resources to produce more of these goods and services. The municipalities have been collecting taxes in various ways to finance their duties; however, collecting taxes has caused the economy of the city to face a lot of problems, including the rise in the price of goods and services. With the reduction of state aid since 1986, there has not been a good way to replace the new income sources of municipalities, which has reduced the ability of municipalities to provide services and perform urban projects. In order to reduce the adverse effects of taking the tolls, the economic studies were introduced determination of new sources of financing in the economic third sector for the urban public needs.
Theoretical framework
The study seeks to achieve a relatively comprehensive understanding of the activities of the subsystems of the third sector of the economy and the entrance of the third part of the economy and its symbol waqf to the services of the city and the municipality. In this regard, in order to achieve the objectives of the subject, we need an institutional definition called "urban waqf", and considering that the strategic planning process includes general principles and directions, evaluation of internal and external factors, attention of the main practitioners, identification and determination of Key issues, decision making, and continuous monitoring of the results. Therefore, most organization use a direct approach to determine strategic issues.
This approach involves moving straight from the weaknesses, strengths, situations and threats (SWOT) towards identifying the strategic issues. In other words, SWOT analysis is one of the strategic tools for matching the strengths and weaknesses of the internal factors with the opportunities and threats associated with the environmental factors. The SWOT analysis provides a systematic analysis to identify these factors and formulate a strategy which creates the best match for them. From the perspective of this model, a strengths of strategy and opportunities is maximized, and the weaknesses and threats are minimized. To this end, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are linked in the general framework of SO, WO, ST, and WT, and the strategy option is chosen from among them. By identifying the effective internal and environmental factors on waqf and their analysis by SWOT analysis, a comprehensive strategy can be found which will be used in strengthening the strengths and opportunities, and also will be used widely to meet the needs of the Urban public sector. considering the precision of categorization of factors and the choice of strategies according to the criteria and indicators in the AHP model (hierarchical analysis), the classification and selection of strategies has been taken to implement them in order to implement strategies and also to improve the position of the third part of the economy And its important element, Waqf, for the needs of the urban public sector in our country.
Methodology
The research method is a descriptive-survey method. In this way, the dimensions of the research problem can be investigated. The main tool for collecting information in this method is a questionnaire, which is one kind of survey method and one of the subcategories of the descriptive method. To collect the information about thematic literature and a;so strengths and weaknesses as well as threats and environmental opportunities, library method and Internet resources are used. in addition to the library method, the field method, questionnaires, interviews, establishment of technical committees And creating mental storm e used.
.Results & Discussion
This research, which was conducted for the first time in the field of the active institutions of the third sector in the urban area, provides a comprehensive approach for planning in these institutions in terms of the strategic aspects and the existing capabilities, capacities, and internal and external constraints. Due to the use of a hybrid approach, the relevant authorities in the municipality and the endowment organization have achieved a wide range of important scientific and organizational issues. The presence of a diverse range of executive administrators, experts and managers has made it possible to prioritize extractive strategies in this research based on the concerns of those who are interested in it.
As shown in the figure, the priority of options to improve the third sector in providing urban needs is listed in the following:
raise trust
cultural reform
institutional reform
transparency
ease of process
diversification
protection
According to the results of the prioritization, the trust and cultural reform have the most impact and the protection have the least effect on leading donations to the urban needs.
The two methods of raising trust and culture reform include the strategies that have the greatest effect on improving the status of the third sector in meeting the urban needs of Isfahan.
Conclusion
The main purpose of this research was to identify and prioritize appropriate strategies for improving the position of the third sector of the economy in meeting the needs of the urban public sector. To do this, internal and external factors were evaluated. In the matrix of the strategies and priorities of the executive, the internal and external environment assessment, the internal points of the system (2.31) and the outside environment (27 / 2), which is lower than the average (2.5) due to the general situation in both internal and external environments; therefore the conservative strategies were suggested. Furthermore, the Hierarchical analysis method was used to select the best strategy. As a result, the trust building option with a relative weight of 347/0 was introduced as the best method to improve the position of the third sector in financing urban services.
Based on the research results, one of the reasons for the lack of altruistic participation in providing urban needs is the government's impression of the municipality duties as well as the nonconfidence about the use of public assistance in the predefined path. Therefore, in line with the trust building plan the municipality's nongovernmental status needs to be highlighted and the areas of people's participation in providing their urban needs are to be introduced. It is also crucial to provide the necessary preparation for the feedback in order to raise trust between the citizens and the municipality.
mahdi toghyani; somayeh mahdavi; arman roshandel
Abstract
Extended Abstract
With the development of urbanization, financial needs of municipalities have increased. Nowadays, municipalities have the responsibility of providing public services in cities, but the annual budget allocated to them does not suffice to fulfill some needs. These financial needs have ...
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Extended Abstract
With the development of urbanization, financial needs of municipalities have increased. Nowadays, municipalities have the responsibility of providing public services in cities, but the annual budget allocated to them does not suffice to fulfill some needs. These financial needs have forced municipalities to use new methods to provide resources, including the third sector, that is, using donations and charity contributions. The present study aims at investigating people's willingness to pay a part of their financial resources in the form of donations (the third part) in order to fulfill urban public needs through conditional valuation. For this purpose, 613 questionnaires were distributed among groups of different incomes in the city of Isfahan. The data were analyzed using logit model. The results showed that people's willingness to donate is affected by the following seven variables: gender, awareness of urban needs, concern for the city, divine motives, clarity of the donation process, the existence of a reliable institution, and the offered prices. Each family in Isfahan was found eager to pay 641760 Rials (641760 Tomans) per month to support urban public services; therefore, the number will be 36 billion, 169 million Tomans per month for all the families living in Isfahan.
Research Methodology
The present research is of applied and descriptive-causative type. In this study, a questionnaire was designed using the available techniques in the contingent valuation method and then the required information was collected and analyzed. Sampling method was done according to Michael Carson Table.
The contingent valuation method (CVM) is a method for expressing on-market goods, which provides the ability for individuals to understand that goods or services by designing an imaginary market for the the desired goods (which is not priced). In this way, the amount of willingness to pay will be asked in the form of a questionnaire. The most important step in the conditional valuation is designing the questionnaire, because if the principles are not met for the design of the questionnaire, the results of the research will not have much conceptual validity. In addition to the proposed amounts, factors affecting the willingness to pay will be examined in this questionnaire. The method of estimating the willingness to pay is based on the logit model.
In the logit model, the dependent variables are qualitative, while the independent variables can be a combination of qualitative and quantitative variables. The variables of this model are investigated according to two modes: payment modes (one) and non-payment modes (zero).
In which the p is probability of the occurrence of the desired event in the i-th observation and y_i is also the value of a random variable that can be zero or one depending on the situation. By placing = and taking logarithms, the sum of probabilities will be calculated and the estimation of independent coefficients (i.e. the vector β ') will be obtained by maximizing it. And finally the function of the willingness to pay the financial needs is introduced in the following:
To measure the willingness to pay the utility function, the benefits of services and goods are analyzed in Rial. In this case, to meet the urban needs, the utility of the person for paying this amount is more than the state of non-payment . By substituting this utility function in the probability function and integrating it, the amount of willingness to pay will be calculated.
Results and Discussion
The results of the estimation are presented in the following table:
Table 1 Estimated logit model results
Logit Model Estimation ResultsSignificance level
Z Statistical
Standard deviation
Estimated coefficient
Variable
0.0067
-2.710162
0.293147
-0.79447
GEN
0.0000
4.238563
0.287065
1.216743
AWARE
0.0091
2.607097
0.306768
0.799775
IN
0.0449
2.014169
0.287612
0.579300
MOTI
0.0004
3.535187
0.340699
1.204436
TRANS
0.0143
2.450453
0.277963
0.681137
TR
0.0000
-12.021892
3.82E-06
-4.59E-05
BID
0.0289
2.183995
0.507315
1.107974
Width from origin
MCF = 0.508 Prob (LR Statistic) = 0.000 LR Statistic=0.403
At the 95% confidence level, gender is negative and also significant. The reasons for the less willingness of males for participating in payment are their dissatisfaction with the attitude of employees and the municipality officials and the unfairness of many rules of this organization.
At the same level of confidence, the awareness variable is positive and significant, because increasing awareness in society increases the participation rate and the sense of responsibility of the citizens. The positive and significant relationship with the interest variable at the 95% confidence level showed that individuals are sensitive to the progress of their city, and every effort is made to increase it. Motivation is another positive and significant variable at the 95% confidence level, as religious backgrounds in Iran are high and the rate of willingness to pay is effective. At the same level of confidence, transparence is positive and significant, because increasing transparency in the municipality reduces the possibility of corruption and leads to the informed decision making. Trust is another positive and meaningful variable at the 95% confidence level, which shows that people's trust in trusted institutions is one of the key factors in attracting resources and capitals.
At the 95% confidence level, BID has a negative and significant. The negative sign in this variable show the demand law, in other words, When prices rise, the willingness to pay will decrease. The average value of WTP after estimation was 64176 USD at the 95% confidence level (see Table 2).
Table 2 The value of respondents willingness to pay
The value of willingness to pay ignificance level
Z Statistical
Standard deviation
Estimated coefficient
Variable
0.0000
10.04
2789.96
64176
wtp
Conclusion
The findings showed that every household in Isfahan is willing to pay 64176 tomans per month to meet urban needs; this amount will be 36 billion and 169 million tomans for all households in Isfahan. As 34 percent of the statistical population is willing to pay, the total available resources from the popular assistance in Isfahan are about 12 billion and 626 million tomans per month.
