mohammadreza armanmehr; asiye farahmandmanesh
Abstract
Introduction
This study investigates the changes in inequality caused by the direct impact of price changes of commodity groups among different income deciles of urban households in Iran. The importance of examining income inequality has forced governments to intervene in certain matters through the ...
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Introduction
This study investigates the changes in inequality caused by the direct impact of price changes of commodity groups among different income deciles of urban households in Iran. The importance of examining income inequality has forced governments to intervene in certain matters through the application of specific policies in terms of reducing economic inequality. The importance emanates from three aspects: 1) High income inequality not only causes the spread of economic instability but also it can hinder productivity growth; 2) In many studies, the reduction in income inequality is expressed in terms of growth and development. 3) The publication of statistics and extracts from poverty and economic inequity is important in centralizing people's attention to these issues.
Theoretical frame work
Indicators of inequality used to measure income inequality in a community do not pay attention to the elements making up this inequality and the relative contribution of each of them in terms of total inequality of income. In order to implement a policy of reducing inequality, the determinants of this inequality must be identified so that a more effective policy can be applied by prioritizing their relative importance in creating inequality. It has been proved that inflation is one of the factors affecting income distribution, and its effect should be measured on its own as one of the factors affecting income inequality. In this research, Atkinson index has been used. The research data were collected during the period of 1372-1392 and time series. If the Atkinson income inequality function, instead of the income of households in each decade, uses the equivalent household income per decade, The amount that the Atkinson formula will show for income inequality represents the effect of the total inequality factors minus the direct effect of prices on income inequality. Therefore, the inequality of equivalent income is defined as the effect of the sum of factors influencing income inequality minus the direct effect of prices. In this research, the demand function estimation has been done using the method of linear expenditure system (LES). Due to the non-observance of the distorted sentences, the normal distribution, and the simultaneous effect of disrupting the variables on each other, the seemingly unrelated equations are used to estimate the parameters of the demand function.
Methodology
1) To derive the demand relation, the Ston-Garri utility function is used. We maximize the utility function by limiting the budget.
2) Estimating the parameters of the demand function: One of the most important applications of SUR is to estimate the parameters of the consumption expenditure system of the household. In this study, there are eight major product categories, therefore, we will have eight equations
3)Extraction of equivalent income from the Ston-Garri function: After estimating the parameters, we obtain the equivalent income.It is the amount of income(expenditures), which is at the same level of the utility of original income (expenditures) (before the price change).This is presented at the level of new prices and is called equivalent revenue.
4( Calculation of Atkinson's inequality
5) The steps of calculating the direct effect of price changes on inequality
Results & Discussion
the direct influence of inflation (price changes) on income inequality is calculated. The average calculated value of this effect during the studied period is 48.8%, and this average represents the share of price changes or the share of inflation in income inequality. Therefore, commodity price changes (inflation) are the most fundamental factor in the variation in income inequality.
Conclusion
To solve the problem of income inequality, it is necessary to understand the constituent elements of the income inequality and the share of each of them in the total income inequality. The results indicate that the great price increase (high inflation) increases inequality. In addition, of the effective factors, increasing the price (inflation) has had the greatest impact on income inequality (almost 49 percent), while the remaining 51 percent relates to the rest of the factors (tax system, employment level, etc.) which are linked to the change in inequality. Regarding the above percentage, it is safe to say that price changes or inflation is one of the main factors accounting for the change in income inequality. Therefore, what policy makers should do to eliminate income inequality is to do their best to avoid inflationary policies.
Seyedkamal Sadeghi
Abstract
Abstract
The investigation of inclusive growth is one of the main issues in urban economics. For this purpose, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between income inequality and growth in Iranian provinces by GMM approach in panel data over the period of 2000-2009.
The ...
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Abstract
The investigation of inclusive growth is one of the main issues in urban economics. For this purpose, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between income inequality and growth in Iranian provinces by GMM approach in panel data over the period of 2000-2009.
The empirical results of study reveal that, initial value of Gini coefficient; unemployment rate and Gini coefficient growth have negative and significant effects on the Iranian provinces growth.
With respect to the results of this paper the main policy implication is that the policy makers should adopt the pro-poor policies to improve the economic growth in Iranian provinces.
Keywords: Inclusive Growth, Income Inequality, Unemployment Rate, GMM Technique in Panel Data
JEL Classification: C23:O15:R11
