Document Type : مقالات پژوهشی

Authors

1 PhD Candidate, Department of Geography, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

3 Professor, Department of Geography of Geography, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

4 Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Economic, Management & Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. .

Abstract

Introduction
 Investigating the category of international immigration and sending capital to the hometown and finally, the new role of immigrants under the title of contributors to the development of the new issue is sometimes considered to be investigated and evaluated in many countries. In Iran, with the pre- and post-revolution developments, including the disruption of the rural livelihood system in the wake of the land reform of the 40s, it was a kind of international emigration in parts of the country, most of which migrants were non-skilled workers who sought to unemployment and weaknesses of employment structure within the country. They have been sent to neighboring countries to obtain new employment and income.
In this way, a wave of overseas emigration was formed in parts of the country, especially in southern provinces, including parts of Fars, Hormozgan, Boushehr, and Sistan provinces. The main destination of the immigrants is the southern rim of the Persian Gulf, including the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, and Oman. The relatively high volume of capital and cash funds entered into these areas has great consequences and feedback on these regions of the country and has positive and negative dimensions and effects that will be in all social, economic, institutional and community aspects, therefore, the main issue in the study of the impacts and consequences of economic and managerial-institutional results from the entry of capital of international immigrants working in the field of human settlements.
Methodology
The present study is developmental in the terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in the terms of method. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect information. In this regard, questionnaires were arranged in four indicators (the indicators of employment status, the amount of the family's empowerment and assets, income and distribution, living expenses, investment amount, managerial awareness and institutional approach) based on the Likert scale and distributed randomly among citizens. The statistical population of the study consisted of 18141 households from 20 villages and towns of the region, which of these households, 314 families have been selected as the sample population based on the Cochran formula. Also, the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated with Cronbach's alpha 648.0. The analysis of the questionnaire was carried out using descriptive and analytical statistical methods including the tests of T, Pearson, multivariate regression and Gray analysis. The variables investigated in this study included immigrants' assets as independent variables and sustainable economic development-management as a dependent variable.
Discussion and Findings
 According to the findings, 84.2% of the respondents are men and 15.8% are women, out of which 78.7% are employed, 10.5% are unemployed, 2.2% have other jobs. A comparison of current and former jobs of respondents reveals that nearly 50 percent of those currently earning a living by migrating to the Gulf countries have done so in the past (10 years or more). And 19.3 percent of those formerly immigrants are now engaged in shop and commodity trading in their place of residence, with 54.8 percent of the respondents themselves being immigrants and 44.1 percent of respondents having at least one or more of their family members are among the Gulf refugees. The results obtained from the assessment of respondents perspective using T-test in relation to the effects of immigrant capital of immigrants on economic and managerial-institutional dimensions development shows that Emigrants' remittances have been effective in upgrading and improving the majority of the studied indicators with averages of more than 3 at a significant level less than 0.05 This is indicative of the positive effect of the immigrant capitals of immigrants on promoting economic and managerial development indicators in the studied area.
 
Conclusion
 Based on the results of this study, the regional pattern of Larestan Gulf travelers (southern Fars region) shows that in Iran as well as other developing and immigrant countries, international immigrants are a factor of development. These immigrants have identified many of the shortcomings and problems of their hometown and are assigned to solve it, and in various areas, including economic and institutional areas of development, have significant impacts on the areas of immigration and their birthplace. In this regard, the results of the present study indicate that there is a significant relationship between all components and independent variables of the mentioned capitals and the dependent variable of economic and managerial development, and the majority of the aforementioned indicators have a higher mean number than theoretical (3). These results have also been proven in the regression test. The regression results also show that the independent research variable is able to explain 66.0% of the dependent variable changes. The research results indicate that the immigrants' remittance has a strong positive relationship with the economic and institutional-managerial sustainable development by a coefficient of 0.818; and the index of the career and income opportunities has the most effects on the improvement of the economic and institutional- managerial sustainable development indicators by the impact factor of 0.393. According to the results of spatial analysis, villages or cities of Kermunsej, Evaz, Kurdeh, and Zarvan had influenced the most from remittances respectively.
 

Keywords

[1]      Adams, R. H &,. Page, J. (2005). The impact of international migration and remittances on poverty. Maimbo and Ratha, 277-306. Remittances Development impact and future prospect. Washington: The World Bank.
[2]      Afrakhteh, H., Manafi Azar, R. Valaei, M. (2016). Place- spatial effect of recursive immigration in Miandoab County. Journal of Research and Rural Planinng, 5(13), 83-98. (In persian).
[3]      Ahmed, M. S. (2010). Migrant workers remittance and economic growth: evidence from Bangladesh. ASA University Review, 4(1), 1-13.
[4]      Akgün, A. Y. A., Baycan-Levent, T. N,. Nijkamp, P &,. Poot, J. (2011). Roles of local and newcomer entrepreneurs in rural development: A comparative meta-analytic study. Regional Studies 45(9) 1207-1223.
[5]      Anabestani, A. & Anabestani, Z. (2011). The monetary process and its role in rural-urban migration to the Sabzevar. Journal Reserch and Urban Planning, 2(5),133-146. (In persian).
[6]      Aslani, M. (2006). A review of the immigration process in the Islamic Republic of Iran during the last three decades and its impact on national security (with emphasis on internal migration to Tehran). Population Quarterly, 14(55-56), 45-82. (In persian).
[7]      Azizi, F. (2017). Migration and economic transformation of rural areas with sustainability approach (case study: Villages of metropolitan area in Tehran). Journal of New Researches on Geographical Sciences, Architecture and Urbanism, 11, 151-174. (In persian).
[8]      Barai, M. K. (2012). Development dynamics of remittances in Bangladesh. Sage Open, 2(1), 2158244012439073.
[9]      Borjas, G. J. (1995). The economic benefits from immigration. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(2), 3-22.
[10]  Brumandzadeh, M.R. & Nobakht, R. (2014). Noted new theories in the immigration field. Population Magazine, 21(89-90), 73-90. (In persian).
[11]  Charney, A. H. (1993). Migration and the public sector: a survey. Regional Studies, 27(4), 313-326.
[12]  De Brauw, A., Mueller, V., & Woldehanna, T. (2013). Motives to remit: evidence from tracked internal migrants in Ethiopia. World Development, 50, 13-23.
[13]  De Haas, H. (2007, October). Remittance, Migration and social development, A Conceptual Review of the Literature. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
[14]  Delpierre, M., & Verheyden, B. (2009, October). The investment motive for remittances and return prospects of international migrants: theory and empirical evidence. In Poverty Traps” conference, Naples (pp. 30-31).
[15]  Diego E. Vacaflores. (2018). Are remittavces helping lower poverty and ineqality levels in Latin America, The Quarterly Reviw of Economics & Finance, 68, 245-265...
[16]  Ebrahimi, Y. (2002). Investigating the economic factors affecting the tendency of computer and electrical students to migrate. Journal of Research and Planning in Education, 8(1), 75-96. (In persian). 
[17]  Ershad, F. & Mina, S. (2010). Immigration, inequality and its implications. Journal of Social Analysis. 4(59), 92-59. (In persian).
[18]  Factbook. (2016). Migration and Remittances Factbook (3nd Edition ed.). Washington: The World bank.
[19]  Fox, J&,. Bada, X. (2008). Migrant organization and hometown impact in rural Mexico. Journal of Agrarian Change, 8(2-3), 435-461.
[20]  Gartner, S. (2017). New macroeconomic evidence on internal migration in Sweden,1967-2003. Reginal Studies, 50, 137-153.
[21]  Gonin, P. (2010). International migration and territorial (re)construction: the place and role of migrants as ‘frontier runners’ in development. In A. Ce´dric, & M. Dorai, Migration in a Globalised World, New Research Issues and Prospects. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
[22]  IFAD. (2009). Sending Money Home to Africa” – remittances hold immense untapped potential for the poor. Retrieved from IFAD (The International Fund for Agricultural Development): http://www.ifad.org.
[23]  IFAD. (2017). Sending Money Home: Contributing to the SDGs, one family at a time, ISBN 978-92-9072-751-4. Retrieved from IFAD (The International Fund for Agricultural Development): http://www.ifad.org
[24]  Kooshesh, M. (2004). The role of youth in the immigration and supply activities of Tehran province, the second conference of the Demography Association of Iran (Articles collection of Iranian population issues with emphasis on youth), Tehran, publishing center of the population of Asia and Oceania. (In persian).
[25]  Markova, E. (2010). Effects of migration on sending countries: lessons from Bulgaria. The Hellenic Observatory, the london school of economics avd political sclence, 5(35), 55-71.
[26]  Martin, F et al., (2007) International immigration and following challenges (translation by A. Nazemi Ardakani & M. Ameli Khorasgani). Tehran: Commercial printing and publishing company. (In persian) 
[27]  Massey, D. S., Alarcón, R., Durand, J., & González, H. (1990). Return to Aztlan: The social process of international migration from western Mexico (Vol. 1). Univ of California Press.
[28]  Mensah-Bonsu, A., & Burger, K. (2008). A bargaining model of migration; Getting the permission of the farm household. Econoic of Poverty, Environment and Natural Resource Use, 25(3), 185-204.
[29]  Moghadas, A. & Sharghi, Z. (2009). Surveying exiting factors for tending to international immigration of 18-30-year-old young people of Shiraz and Arsenjan cities. Iranian Journal Sociology, 10(1), 162-190. (In Persian).
[30]  Naziri, M. K. & Torkashvand, M. (2014). Studying the current and macro factors determining the funds sent to Iran. The second National Conference on Accounting approach, management and economics. Islamic Azad University of Fooman and Shaft, 2014-08-14. (In persian).
[31]  Portes, A. (1978). Migration and underdevelopment. Politics & Society, 8(1), 1-48.
[32]  Qasemi Siani, M. (2009). Consequences of rural-urban immigration of rural young generation. Journal of Youth Research, Culture & Society, (2), 145-165. (In persian) 
[33]  Rastegar, E. (2014). Explaining the process of the outgoing capital of international immigrants in the economic development of rural settlements. A case study: Lamerd County, PhD. thesis. in geography and rural planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran. (In persian) 
[34]  Rastegar, E., Moteei Langroudi, S.H., Roknaddin Eftekhari, A. & Darabi, H. (2015) Explaining the investment challenges of the international immigrants ' investment in the planning and economic development of place-spatial fields (Case: Lamerd County). The Journal of Spatial Planning, 8(21), 197-219. (In persian) 
[35]  Rezvani, M. R., Akbarian Runizi, S. R. & Rejaee S. A. (2008). The role of sending funds and investment of immigrants in rural development of Ramesheh Rural District (Isfahan Province). Journal of Human Geography Research, 66, 1-16. (In persian) 
[36]  Rostami Hasouri, H. (2014). The effect of skilled manpower migration (brain-drain) on poverty in developing countries, Journal of Fiscal & Economic Policies, 2(5), 93-104. (In persian) 
[37]  Skeldon, R. (2010). Migration and development over twenty years of research: progress and prospects. Migration in a globalised world: New research issues and prospects, 145-159.
[38]  Stalker, P. (1994). The work of strangers: a survey of international labour migration. International Labour Organization. Geneva.
[39]  Stark, O., & Fan, C. S. (2007). The analytics of seasonal migration. Economics Letters, 94(2), 304-312.
[40]  Statistical Center of Iran. (2016). The general census of the population and housing of Larestan and Zarrin Dasht counties. Tehran: Iran's statistical Center. (In persian) 
[41]  Stockdale., A. (2006). Migration: Pre-requisite for rural economic narration? Journal of Rural Studies, 22, 354 – 366.
[42]  Taghavi, M. (2012). The Impact of Workers' Remittances on Macro Indicators: The case of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies, 14, 1-15.
[43]  Taherkhani, M. (2002). Recognition of effective factors on rural-urban immigrations with the emphasis on rural youth immigration of Qazvin, Journal Modarees Hunan Sciences, 2(6), 41-60. (In persian) 
[44]  Taiwo V. Ojapinwa1 & Oladipo T. Bashorun. (2014). Do Workers’ Remittances Promote Financial Development in Sub-Sahara Africa Countries?  International Journal of Financial Research, 5(2), 151-159.
[45]  Taylor, J. (1999). The New Economics of Labor Migration and the role of remittances in the migration process. International Migration, 37(1), 63–88.
[46]  Vahidi, P. (1985). International immigration and its consequences. The Ministry of Program and Budget, Tehran, the first edition. (In persian) 
[47]  Vosughi, M & Hojjati, M. (2012). Flow of sending money, a pivotal approach in positive attitude to international immigration phenomenon. Journal of Iranian Sociological Studies, 2(7), 47-67. (In persian) 
[48]  Vosughi, M. & Hojjati, M. (2012). International migrants, contributors to the development of hometown. Journal Iranian Social Development Studies, 4(2), 23-39. (In persian).
[49]  Woods. M. (2016). Internation migration, Agency and regional development in rural Europe, Michael. 62(3), Documents Danalisi Geografica.elssn:2014-4512.issn: 0212-1573.
[50]  World Bank Report. (2008). The Malaysia-Indonesia Remittance Corridor Making Formal Transfers the Best Option for Women and Undocumented Migrants, World bank working paper No.149.
[51]  World bank. (2014). Migration and Remittances Factbook (3nd Edition ed.). Washington: The World Bank.
[52]  Zanjani, H. (2001). Migration, the organization of study and compilation of humanities books in universities. Tehran, first edition. (In persian)  
CAPTCHA Image