تأثیر ساختار مالیاتی بر فقر درآمدی در اقتصاد کشورهای منتخب خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا (MENA)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• حمید سپهردوست ¹
• سید احسان حسینی دوست ²
• مریم بیاتانی ³
• مرضیه رسولی ⁴

¹ دانشیار اقتصاد، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان

² استادیار اقتصاد، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا

³ کارشناس ارشد اقتصاد، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان

⁴ دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2021.68088.1005

چکیده

چکیده
پدیده اقتصادی فقر ناشی از نابرابری درآمدی یا همان فقر درآمدی، از چالش‏های مهم کشورهای درحال‌توسعه است؛ به‌طوری‌که از عمده‏ترین اهداف اقتصادی این کشورها، اجرای سیاست‌های کاهش فقر و تعدیل توزیع درآمد و ثروت بین اقشار مختلف جامعه است. ازجمله سیاست‌های مالی دولت، توجه به ساختار مالیاتی کارا و جهت‌دهی منابع درآمدی دولت به سمت دریافت‌های مناسب و پایدار انواع مالیات‌هاست. چنانچه کاهش نابرابری در توزیع درآمد را یکی از اهداف مهم سیاست‏گذاران اقتصادی بدانیم، اتخاذ سیاست‌های مالیاتی و تأکید بر وصول انواع مالیات‏ها به‌عنوان یک منبع درآمدی پایدار، مهم‏ترین ابزار تعدیل‌کننده توزیع برابرتر درآمد برای دولت محسوب می‎گردد. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی تأثیر ساختار مالیاتی و اجزای آن بر وضعیت نابرابری درآمدی در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه است. برای این منظور از داده‎های اقتصادی کشورهای منتخب خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا (MENA)، طی دوره زمانی 2018- 2005 و روش GLS جهت تخمین الگوی پژوهش استفاده شد. الگوی پژوهش در این مطالعه، شامل متغیر ساختار مالیاتی به تفکیک انواع درآمدهای مالیاتی، یعنی مالیات بر شرکت‌ها، مالیات بر کالاها و خدمات، مالیات بر درآمد اشخاص و سایر متغیرهای کلان اقتصادی تأثیرگذار بر شاخص توزیع درآمد شامل درآمد سرانه، آموزش، بیکاری و تورم است. نتایج حاصل از تخمین مدل و برآورد ضرایب نشان داد؛ مالیات بر کالاها و خدمات، اثر منفی و معنی‌دار بر وضعیت توزیع درآمد در کشورهای مورد مطالعه دارد؛ درحالی‌که وضع انواع مالیات‏های مستقیم بر درآمد که در آن ویژگی قابلیت انتقال بار مالیاتی از قشر تولیدکننده به مصرف‌کننده ضعیف‌تر است، منجر به کاهش نابرابری درآمدی و بالطبع کاهش فقر می‎شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• فقر درآمدی
• ساختار مالیاتی
• کشورهای درحال‌توسعه
• MENA
• پانل دیتا

عنوان مقاله [English]

Impact of Tax Structure on Income Poverty of the Selected Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Countries

نویسندگان [English]

• hamid sepehrdoust ¹
• Seyed Ehsan Hosseinidoust ²
• Maryam Bayatani ³
• Marziyeh Rasuli ⁴

¹ Associate Professor, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

² Assistant Professor, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

³ M.Sc in Economics, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.

⁴ Ph.D Student, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Extended abstract
 
1- INTRODUCTION
The World Bank defines poverty as deprivation of the level of welfare and well-being. Inequality is defined as the difference between individuals in society in accessing economic resources that can appear in the distribution of income, wealth, consumption, wages, and savings of society. Equal distribution of income is always one of the most important issues in the economies of different countries and if we express the concept of poverty, and insufficient income, the challenge of more equitable distribution of income and wealth would be more important economic issues and is an important indicator of economic development which is considered by economic policymakers. At present, the existence of poverty and its severity in society is a sign of unhealthiness, poor economic system performance and failure of social justice programs and it is necessary to improve the situation of low-income people and below the poverty line appropriate monetary and fiscal policies affecting the improvement of the income distribution.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Poverty and income inequality the issue of poverty and poverty alleviation due to income inequality has always been the focus of economic planners and this feature of developing countries is one of the problems of human society that has not only not been controlled, but continuously despite the progress made in various economic fields intensified. Given the need to deal with the poverty crisis, this phenomenon should be studied and evaluated from both theoretical and practical aspects. Theoretically, poverty and its components should be carefully defined and identified, and from a practical point of view, the level of poverty in the country or society should be measured.  The unbalanced distribution of income in society is one of the problems that in the short term, although it may not be reflected in the daily problems of the country, its continuation in the long run, in addition to creating widespread poverty, can create political tensions and lead to crises. Income redistribution can be achieved through tax policies, government transfer payments, and social spending.
3- METHODOLOGY
To examine and analyze the research hypotheses on the effect of tax structure on income inequality in a selection of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) member countries including Iran, Egypt, Jordan, Turkey, Tunisia, Morocco, Cyprus, Rwanda, Zambia, Palestine. They are occupied and the data panel model for the years 2005-2018is used. The source of international data collection is the World Bank website and the International Indicators System. In this study, the Gini coefficient variable is used as an indicator of the income distribution, and the dependent variable is studied as an indicator of economic development in selected countries. Factors in the form of independent variables include the tax structure and other variables include economic factors such as inflation and per capita income. In this study, Gini coefficient variables have been used as an influential variable for the income inequality index. Following the existing theoretical foundations on the effect of tax structure on income inequality, the model of this research is specified as:
 
Gini = α +β₁ INCT +β₂ GT +β₃ GDPP +β₄ EDU +β₅ UNEP +β₆ INF +Uit
 
Where the introduced variables of the research model are:
Gini: Gini coefficient
INCT: Income tax
GT: Tax on goods and services (consumption tax)
GDPP: Gross Domestic Product Per Capita
EDU: Number of people registered in the second stage of education
UNEP: Unemployment rate
INF: Inflation index rate
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
According to the research results, the effect of tax structure on income distribution, which in this study is examined by separating two types of taxes, one is goods and services tax and the other is the income tax. The results showed that rising inflation reduces income inequality. Although this result contradicts the common view of the relationship between inflation and income distribution, it can reinforce the part of economic theories that the existence of inflation in proportion to economic growth increases per capita income, which leads to improved distribution. Regarding the education variable, the results indicate that income inequality will decrease as government spending increases. Because labor wages are determined by their relative productivity, education can increase labor productivity by increasing literacy and knowledge levels and thus increase their wages, thereby helping to reduce inequality.
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
According to the results, growth strategies must be considered along with income distribution. Establishing a strong tax system to prevent tax evasion as well as prevent illegal activities leads to the optimal size of government and the economy. If government interventions, if they are at their optimal level and social and educational programs are carried out to the extent that they improve social indicators, in addition to reducing the problems related to income inequality, reducing People's inclination and entry into the economy will have a great impact and will help to improve the situation and reduce income inequalities. In proportion to the results obtained, for taxes to play an effective role in income distribution, in addition to increasing the tax base, unnecessary tax exemptions should be avoided. For example, it is proposed to reduce the corporate tax rate and increase the wealth tax due to the transfer of the tax burden from the corporate tax.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Income Poverty
• Tax Structure
• Developing Countries
• MENA
• Panel Data

مراجع

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