Original Article
Vahid Fouladgar; Mehdi Feizi
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
The existence of accurate and sequenced economic statistics and information can be seen as a prerequisite for any economic conditions assessment for countries. However, for several reasons, economic data in many developing countries, including Iran, are produced with low accuracy or ...
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1- INTRODUCTION
The existence of accurate and sequenced economic statistics and information can be seen as a prerequisite for any economic conditions assessment for countries. However, for several reasons, economic data in many developing countries, including Iran, are produced with low accuracy or low sequence. The weakness in the variety and quality of economic data is an important obstacle to socio-economic research and understanding the country's conditions correctly for policymakers.
Sending satellites and imaging the earth's surface at different hours and publishing the information of these satellites in recent years, in addition to providing a platform for geographical and military investigations, has also given researchers in the fields of human sciences the opportunity to use this free, non-manipulated and universal data in different countries and times, for their research (Chen & Nordhaus, 2019)
This research uses the new generation of monthly night light data (VIIRS) to estimate Iran's seasonal GDP for the first time. What distinguishes the current research from previous studies is evaluating the explanatory power of nighttime light images for shorter periods (seasons) in Iran (including night light, GDP and population) and using new data set (VIIRS vs. DMSP).
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The use of seasonal periods, especially before the development of information technology and the development of real-time data-gathering methods, facilitates researchers and policymakers to monitor changes in economic indicators and reduces data collection and publication costs (Bell and Hilmer, 2012).
The review of internal research using nighttime light images indicates that few studies have been conducted. Most of these studies were focused on geographical and remote sensing applications, only Akhbari et al. (2017) used the old version of NTL (DMSP) for economic studies in Iran.
In foreign studies, researchers at first focused on the feasibility of using the mentioned data to represent the number of economic activities at the country level (Chen and Nordhaus (2011), Henderson et al. (2012), Shi et al. (2014)) and after those studies focused on using these data in different countries and for new purposes such as inequality analysis, integration with other data, etc. (Chen and Nordhaus (2015), Beyer et al. (2018). Then and after the release of VIIRS as a new generation for satellite images, many studies were conducted to compare the efficiency and accuracy of these data with the previous generation in different countries. After that, this information was used for more detailed analysis: in short periods, at more minor geographic scales, and for analyzing social and political shocks. Some of these studies can be found in Chen and Nordhaus (2019), Wang et al. (2019), Sun et al. (2020), Farzangan and Hayo (2018), Farzangan and Fischer (2021).
3- METHODOLOGY
In this research, the night light satellite images were extracted from the University of Mines database. After refining the GeoTiff files and cutting them according to Iran's map shapefiles (using QGIS software), the amount of emission during 37 seasons (from spring 2012 to spring 2020) has been calculated. In the next step, this variable is used as an independent variable in 4 linear regression models. Its ability to estimate seasonal GDP has been investigated by combining population data and virtual variables for seasons. In the last step, to evaluate the predictive power of the selected model, GDP data for three seasons after the training data have been predicted and the error rate of this prediction has been calculated.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
According to the results of this paper, R2 for a Univariate model with night light data for estimating seasonal GDP in Iran (without oil) is 0.828; if this model improves with the seasonal population variable and seasons dummy variable, its explanatory power can increase up to 0.945.
Also, it was observed that the selected model, which includes night light, seasonal population information and virtual variables of the seasons, can estimate the dependent variable (seasonal GDP) with less than 2% error in three seasons after the mentioned period.
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
Considering the delay in national economic indicators publishment (such as seasonal GDP), besides the complications and costs of calculation for this index, this paper shows that nighttime light (NTL) can be used as a good proxy for calculating the GDP in Iran. Also, the combination of this variable with two more variables (population and the dummy variables for seasons) can increase the accuracy of the estimates (R2=0.945) and estimate the dependent variable (seasonal GDP) with less than 2 percent error for the next three seasons.
Finally, it is suggested that future studies focus on estimating the amount of economic activity at more minor geographical levels (provincial and city), using these data and evaluating the efficiency of these data for estimating other economic indicators.
Original Article
Seyyed Abdollah razavi; Iman Mohammad ali Tajrishi
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Iran ranks second in the world in terms of natural gas reserves and fourth in terms of crude oil reserves. In the field of industry, there are four groups of insurance policies, which include exploitation insurances (all ...
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INTRODUCTION Iran ranks second in the world in terms of natural gas reserves and fourth in terms of crude oil reserves. In the field of industry, there are four groups of insurance policies, which include exploitation insurances (all physical assets in operation at the level of the oil industry, especially the four main companies and their subsidiaries), the insurance of development projects, the insurance of hydrocarbon cargoes and freight insurances. on the other hand, the general fields of the insurance industry include property, engineering and energy insurance and liability insurance (medical, accident and life insurance). The purpose of this research is to provide a model of risk management and energy insurance in the upstream sector of Iran's oil industry. Theoretical framework Usually, it is only at the level of the board of directors that with a holistic view, the risk management of the oil industry can be properly considered so that different risks in. Different parts of business are mixed and prioritized and connected to each other. Only the board of directors has the authority to ensure that the risk management, despite other environmental pressures, has paid enough attention to the business. In another definition, strategic risk management in the organization is a decision-making tool that improves safety performance. From a systemic point of view, strategic risk management is carried out in two stages: risk identification and assessment and risk control. All risk management approaches fall into one or more of the following main classes: risk transfer, risk avoidance, risk reduction (or mitigation), risk acceptance (or maintenance) (Ale, 2019). Research strategyThe strategy of this research was in the design part of the data theory model of the foundation and in the field of quantitative measurement, which despite the in-depth study of the theoretical foundations of risk management and insurance in the field of design, a practical and improved model was presented by using the research method. The orientation of the research is developmental and the philosophy of the research is interpretive, and the research approach is inductive. The purpose of the research is to explain the model of risk management and insurance in the upstream sector of the oil industry and it is explanatory research. The research is a single cross-section from 1399 to 1400 and the data collection method is semi-structured interview. The statistical community in the qualitative research stage included academic experts and experts appropriate to the research topic, as well as experts and managers in the field of oil, gas and petrochemicals. The discussion continued and finally 32 people were interviewed. In the quantitative research stage, the statistical population included all the managers and specialists of the main and subsidiary companies in the financial and operational sectors of the oil industry in the state-owned oil and gas development and production companies, as well as the management of the sale of oil shipments, which were from 467 oil and gas experts 285 were selected by available sampling method (managers should be at the upstream and operational levels of the oil industry) and targeted (managers should have at least 10 years of operational work experience in the operational areas of the oil industry in four main companies). And the same number of questionnaires were distributed, and after collecting the questionnaires, 221 people participated in the research. In order to explain the research model, Strauss and Corbin's paradigm model has been used in the foundation's data strategy in the next step to determine the relationships between the variables of the model using the correlation research method. SPSS22 and Smart PLS software were used for quantitative analysis of research data and model fitting. Analysis of the findings In order to achieve the goal of the research, first by reviewing the speech evidence of the research and identifying the concepts, we proceed to the open coding process, then the components of the central coding paradigm including the causal conditions, the main phenomenon, strategies, context, intervening conditions and consequences to They are separated and presented based on their sub-categories and finally linked according to selective coding. Conclusion and suggestionsThe results show that in order to identify the strategic, operational and project risks of the oil and gas industry, it is necessary to first pay sufficient attention to the causal conditions resulting from them. After examining the causal conditions, it is necessary for risk managers to gain an effective and accurate understanding of the issues related to the uncertainty of the oil and gas industry through discussion and attention to the variables of identifying and measuring risks, so that based on this structure and in the heart of paying attention to Contextual and intervening variables bring results that are based on effective management of uncertain areas and shaping the insurance industry.
Original Article
ali asghar sadabadi; zohreh rahimi rad; kiarash fartash; Fatemeh Jafarian
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
"Region" is a concept that plays an important role in the policy-making of the governments of the world. With the changes that have taken place and new technologies, a new type of region is needed today. Regions, as a combination of criteria and ...
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1- INTRODUCTION
"Region" is a concept that plays an important role in the policy-making of the governments of the world. With the changes that have taken place and new technologies, a new type of region is needed today. Regions, as a combination of criteria and elements, can create and continuously improve knowledge enterprises by injecting new ideas, knowledge and organizational learning. Regions must incorporate the principles of knowledge creation and continuous learning to eventually become learning regions. According to the special characteristics of each region of Iran; Innovation has a different effect in each of these areas. To determine the extent of the impact of these systems, it is necessary to evaluate their performance. The authors of this study intend to provide a model for evaluation in accordance with the conditions of the regions in Iran. The proposed regional innovation system evaluation model consists of three levels, each of which evaluates regions from different perspectives. In such a way that the indicators presented in each level are complementary to other levels. In the first part of this research, the theoretical bases and researches conducted in this field are examined. In the following, by using the opinions of science and technology policy experts, the evaluation model and framework will be specified and the final model will be examined in Isfahan region.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
" Region" is one of the concepts that is the basic basis for economic policies in Europe as well as other parts of the world. Each region has its own set of main elements that the production system needs. Therefore, to achieve growth and development in the country, it is necessary to examine regional innovation systems.
It is noteworthy that regional innovation systems alone will not be able to compete in the global economy. Production systems play an important role at the regional level. Therefore, local enterprises should be connected to national and transnational innovation systems to the extent that regional innovation systems go beyond their borders during the process of economic integration and globalization.
The regional innovation system has been introduced in order to complete regional development theories and attitudes such as industrial poles, industrial clusters and industrial zones. All these theories and attitudes have been formed around one basic idea: the regional proximity and proximity of companies in a region ultimately leads to their growth and development.
There are different models and tools for evaluating and measuring regional innovation systems. The comparison of the models shows that most of them are used for their own conditions and cannot be applied in other countries of the world. Because they have not examined all the dimensions effective in regional innovation.
In the world, there is no uniform and specific method that can be used to analyze and evaluate the regional innovation system. Despite a significant amount of research on this topic; In the contemporary literature, there is no common understanding of the nature of the regional innovation system (RIS) as well as the performance evaluation system (Rodskaya and Rodionov, 2018).
Therefore, this research has tried to achieve its desired goals by examining the existing evaluation models and indicators to develop a new suitable framework for the conditions of Iran's regions. This research will present a conceptual model for evaluating the regional innovation system by examining the existing models, taking into account the conditions that originate from Iran's economic, political and social characteristics.
3- METHODOLOGY
The current research seeks to answer the question that what dimensions, variables and indicators are included in the comprehensive evaluation model of the performance of regional innovation systems appropriate to Iran's context? Therefore, this research is exploratory-descriptive and practical in terms of its purpose, and its nature is quantitative-qualitative (mixed) and thematic analysis and fuzzy Delphi methods are used in it.
The current research is done in 2 stages:
Identifying the dimensions, components and evaluation indicators of the regional innovation system
Investigating the performance of the innovation system in Isfahan region.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The extracted models from the literature were provided to experts through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires to determine the order of placement of these indicators as well as the priority level of each of these sub-indices for a model suitable for Iran's regions.
After identifying the dimensions and initial determination of the model, the obtained model was evaluated by Delphi (4 steps).
*Identified Common indicators include:
1- Infrastructures and fields of innovation
2- Labor market
3-Beliefs and Norms
4-Geographic location feature
5- Education
* Regional innovation potential was identified at 3 levels:
1-Technological potential
2- Personnel potential
3-Scientific potential
* Regional innovation performance was also investigated from two aspects:
1-Company performance
2-System performance
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
In recent years, the regional innovation system has become the main priority of policy makers around the world. In Iran, the goal of 1401 is to increase the economic growth by 8%, for this reason, the role of innovative regions is showing more than before. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the regional innovation in it, which provides the road map to achieve the goal of economic growth. For this reason, this research intended to present a model for evaluating this innovation system and examine it in one of Iran's regions. Therefore, with the aim of identifying the regional innovation system, using existing literature and experts' opinions; A model with three levels: general indicators, innovation potential and innovation performance was obtained.
Original Article
Samira Farajollahzade; Ahmad Sadraei Javaheri; sakine owjimehr
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
Financial innovation includes new financial instruments, the creation of new corporate structures, the formation of new financial institutions, the development of new methods of financial accounting and reporting. Such improvements in the financial system are key to ...
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1- INTRODUCTION
Financial innovation includes new financial instruments, the creation of new corporate structures, the formation of new financial institutions, the development of new methods of financial accounting and reporting. Such improvements in the financial system are key to financial productivity along with economic growth. It seems that the institutional conditions can affect how the development of financial markets affects economic growth. This is important in all countries, but it can be even more important in developing countries, usually not at the desired level of good governance index. In addition, another point that has been neglected in literature is the consideration of new financial instruments in the stock market. One of the financial innovations in the stock market is exchange-traded fund (ETF). The ETF allows the investor to have a diverse and low-risk portfolio. With this new instrument, passive funds are made available to investors.
In sum, considering the existing study gap, the present study examines the impact of financial innovation on the economic growth of developing and developed countries by considering the institutional quality.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
There are six significant functions to financial innovation: Transfer funds, collect funds, manage risk, extract information to support decision making, address information asymmetry, and facilitate the purchase and sale of goods and services through the payment system. There should be no institutional, political, or regulatory barriers to financial innovation in performing these tasks. At best, government incentives should be set up to promote financial innovation.
Researchers examine the economic impact of financial innovation from two perspectives: The growth and innovation perspective and the fragility and innovation perspective. The growth and innovation perspective states that financial innovation improves the process of financial intermediation and, in turn, stimulates economic growth. The innovation and fragility perspective states that financial innovation leads to a more fragile and vulnerable financial system; therefore, it is an obstacle to economic growth. There is no consensus on which view is dominant.
Some studies show that innovation in the financial system can accelerate Bangladesh's economic growth through a positive effect on financial development and economic resources. Some studies, use research and development costs in the financial sector as a proxy for financial innovation and show that innovations are likely to contribute to economic growth, and incorrect regulation can be a barrier to growth. Another study shows that financial innovation (Financial Innovation Expenditures) significantly impacts economic growth.
Researchers believe that institutions, laws, regulations, and policies are essential for influencing financial innovation in the economy. Countries that encourage financial innovation accelerate the convergence of their economies into technology growth rates. Some studies also showed that financial innovation's impact is more substantial in countries with more security markets. Financial innovation positively affects growth in countries with more constraints on bank performance.
3- METHODOLOGY
We use a dynamic threshold panel model to investigate the nonlinear effect of financial innovation on economic growth.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The value of the threshold parameter in this study is 1.67, which is located between the lower (1.64) and upper (1.68) limits and is significant at the 10% confidence level. According to the results, the economic growth whit one lag variable with a coefficient of 0.28 has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Significance of the effect of economic growth with a lag on economic growth indicates the dynamics of the behavior of this variable. The good governance index, which is considered as a threshold variable in this study, plays a role in the impact of financial innovation on economic growth. Thus, when the level of good governance index is lower than the threshold level, the effect of financial innovation on economic growth is 0.02 and when the level of good governance index is higher than the threshold level, the effect of financial innovation on economic growth is more and 0.04.
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
The present study results show that in the impact of financial innovation on economic growth, governments and economic institutions' role in enforcing laws related to good governance indicators cannot be ignored. Since the financial innovation in the stock market has a positive impact on economic growth, this effect has different consequences under the lower and upper levels of governance. In other words, financial innovation is meaningful and has a more substantial impact when good governance practices are implemented at higher levels; therefore, governments should strive to implement the criteria of good governance better. However, because countries differ in their institutional environment and definition of good governance indexes, implementing these practices may not produce the same results.
Original Article
mir ghasem banihashemi
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTIONOne of the important goals of the policy-making system in Iran has been to achieve regional balance and reduce infrastructural inequalities and adjust the structural and territorial gaps between the central and peripheral provinces. But the pattern of national growth and development, ...
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1- INTRODUCTIONOne of the important goals of the policy-making system in Iran has been to achieve regional balance and reduce infrastructural inequalities and adjust the structural and territorial gaps between the central and peripheral provinces. But the pattern of national growth and development, which is based on the oil economy and the centralized management system, has become a ground for unbalanced growth and, as a whole, a platform for the emergence of imbalance among the provinces of the country.Geopolitical features, distinct climatic and cultural characteristics, different development trends and different security environment have caused the provinces in Iran, especially East Azerbaijan, to face different issues/problems in terms of development indicators and security trends. Emphasis on explaining the system of provincial issues at the national level and the viewpoint of the Capital's elites and providing the same prescriptions for all provinces, has not been able to help deep understanding and solve the challenges of the country's regions. Based on this, the main purpose of this study is to identify the most important issues of this province and also network analysis and proportionality between issues in terms of effectiveness - influence and achieving key issues (as the main obstacles to the development of the province) 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKThis article uses structural analysis or systemic approach to explain the problem system of East Azerbaijan province and to identify and understand the most important factors affecting the security and development of the province. The selected analytical framework allows the researcher to visualize a system or system instead of analyzing the problems of the province individually (Godet, 2006:157). The research is focused on the basic assumption that the analysis of the problems of the province in a systematic way can provide an understanding of the system of the problems of the province, which cannot be provided by a separate study of these problems. This fundamental assumption originates from the fact that issues in social life are very intertwined and this intertwining necessitates the study of issues as a system.When we imagine the connections and relationships of issues in the form of a system, we have used a special possibility. This special service is to identify the key issues of the province, by identifying and adjusting them, real steps can be taken to improve governance. Real steps because the structural analysis makes it clear to governance agents what their priorities are for improving governance. (Hatami, 2019: 3) 3- METHODOLOGYIn terms of methodology, the present research, focusing on problemology in the field of progress and security of East Azerbaijan Province, as applied research, pursues several complementary goals. Therefore, the present research is considered to be applied research in terms of its purpose, and a qualitative research method in terms of its method, which uses the research strategy of "structural analysis". The basis of structural analysis is a systemic approach to complex problems.In terms of the data collection method, this study uses a combined method to strengthen the validity of the data and also for a comprehensive review of the subject. Based on this, in order to understand the issues of progress and development in the province and to identify the most important key components affecting the development trends of the province, both from the qualitative method of in-depth interviews and the content analysis of national and regional development documents, and from the advanced description method have benefited. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSIONThe fundamental purpose of this research, especially in its qualitative part, is to discover, prioritize and then evaluate the key factors affecting the development and security of East Azerbaijan from the approach of the elites and senior managers of the province and the elite panel group.Descriptive and analytical findings of this research, focusing on the views, opinions and analyzes extracted from interviews with several elites of the province, including senior executives, intellectual elites, civic and social activists, senior managers of trade unions or companies large private sector representatives as well as representatives of the public sector and civil institutions have been obtained. The conceptual data extracted from the interviews and the given coefficients of the elite panel were first analyzed in the 68*68 matrix and then in the 39*39 matrix in the USNET software. Also, to ensure the extraction of valid key factors, the data of the 39-factor cross-matrix table was also analyzed in Mic Mac software.in the framework of network analysis, the key factors affecting the development of the province in terms of impact were identified in thus; 1) State and rent economy, 2) Security look of the Central to provincial issues, 3) Centralized administrative structure and limited regional powers, 4) Neglect of geopolitical capacities and opportunities in the province, 5) Unbalanced intra-provincial development, 6) Structural discrimination against the province 7) The Incoherence of the management system of the province and the city, 8) Sanctions and the economic crisis of the country, 9) Security of ethnic identity, and 10) Tensions between factions, institutions and officials of the province. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONSA comparative look at the findings obtained from three types of software analysis shows that most of the variables affecting the province's development issues with different ratings are the same and common. And this indicates that the challenges of progress and development of the province are influenced by a certain range of factors and variables. Based on this, some suggestions are;It is necessary to increase the authority of the administrative system of the province in terms of policy making, planning and selection of managersPrivatization procedures based on global standards, i.e., healthy competition, transparency, supervision and rule of law should be reformed and strengthened.- Taking advantage of the unique geopolitical opportunities of the province requires the definition of regional, national and even transnational purposeful roles and responsibilities for the province.- The transition from the security approach of the center to the province requires a comprehensive definition of national identity and security, as well as increasing the political capacities of the system in the region.- Improving the development trends of the province requires anintegrated administrative and executive system in the province and cities.
Original Article
mahdi faraghi fard; samaneh jalilisadrabad; mohammad reza masaeli
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
By 2050, more than 75% of the world's population will live in cities. Such a situation will lead to a significant increase in the demand for the transportation of goods and citizens. The car, which brings special economic benefits as a symbol of civilization, has increased problems such ...
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1- INTRODUCTION
By 2050, more than 75% of the world's population will live in cities. Such a situation will lead to a significant increase in the demand for the transportation of goods and citizens. The car, which brings special economic benefits as a symbol of civilization, has increased problems such as traffic congestion and road accidents, especially in cities. On the other hand, cars play a major role in carbon dioxide emissions. The development approach based on public transportation actually seeks to solve traffic problems using land use planning with a comprehensive view of traffic and land use, while sustainable urban development is the basis of its work.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Peter Calthorpe, who can be said to be the main theoretician of this approach, has developed and prepared measurable strategies for transportation-oriented development. In the detailed description of the transportation-oriented development idea presented by Peter Calthorpe, there is a center where the mix of residential, commercial, office and public uses and open space is observed and these uses are easily accessible from the houses. In the future, the public transportation station will be located in the center of this center. Functions and activities are in the public center and offices can be located on floors above the ground level. In other words, it can be said that transportation-based development combines the use of urban land with the public transportation system. This pattern focuses on compact development, walkable neighborhoods with mixed land use and easy access within walking distance to transit stations.
3- METHODOLOGY
According to the theoretical and experimental bases as well as the criteria proposed by the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development to measure the level of walkability of the detailed plans of the cities, the criteria and sub-criteria proposed are presented in Table No. 3. These sub-criteria are the basis of examining the situation of district 3 of Isfahan city municipality. Using the hierarchical analysis method, weight was given to the criteria and sub-criteria and their degree of importance was determined. Then, using GIS software, the current situation of the 3rd district of Isfahan municipality was analyzed and points were allocated in the majority of the 5-point Likert spectrum. It is necessary to explain that the specified criteria were divided into 5 groups: diversity, accessibility, density, public transportation and design. 7 criteria and 21 sub-criteria were considered for review.
In order to determine the degree of importance, the AHP technique was first performed between the criteria (in each category) and the degree of importance of each criterion was determined. Then, AHP technique was performed between the sub-criteria of each separate criterion. Then, the final weight was obtained by multiplying the weight of the criteria by the weight of the sub-criteria. After determining the score of each sub-criterion, the obtained score is multiplied by the final weight and the weighted score is obtained.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The results showed that the diversity criterion got 3.91 points, the accessibility criterion got 3.68 points, the density criterion got 3.05 points, the public transportation criterion got 5 points and the design criterion got 3.4 points. The final score of all groups was above average. The presence of an integrated bus system, the appropriate condition of covering cultural, educational, therapeutic and green space uses on a local and regional scale, mixing uses and placing them near public transportation stations, improving the condition of sidewalks, creating separate bicycle paths. And pedestrianization of some passages is one of the positive points of this area, which has created favorable conditions for the implementation of the transportation-oriented development approach.
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
the final score was equal to 3.8, which indicates the suitability of the 3rd district of Isfahan municipality to adopt a (TOD) approach. Of course, special considerations should be taken into account due to the historical nature of the district. There are many historical buildings in District 3 of the municipality and it is not possible to increase the density. On the other hand, according to the context of the region, high-speed and wide axes are located only in the north and east of the region, which can be the place of implementation of the approach. It should be kept in mind that due to the touristic nature of the region and its proximity to the river, pedestrian and bicycle-oriented routes, which are also known as the principles of the (TOD) approach, are also known as suitable solutions for use in the region.
Original Article
AMIR ARYANA; mohsen zayanderoody; Sayyed Abdolmajid Jalaee Esfandabadi
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
Multidimensional poverty based on Alkire & Foster indexses is health indicator, education indicator, standard of living indicator. Preferences is the resaons of people for Decision-making is divided into trust, risks, altruism, positive and negative reciprocity. This ...
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1- INTRODUCTION
Multidimensional poverty based on Alkire & Foster indexses is health indicator, education indicator, standard of living indicator. Preferences is the resaons of people for Decision-making is divided into trust, risks, altruism, positive and negative reciprocity. This research introduces the temporal time preferences and its influences on multidimensional poverty. Two stages used in the research method, the first multidimensional poverty measuring and the second identify the preferences on multidimensional poverty. Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in MATLAB software used to examine the effects of this. The results show that altruism has a greater effect on multidimensional poverty than other variables and the next are, positive and negative reciprocity, trust and risks.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In this paper, Alkire & Foster's method is used to measure multidimensional poverty. This method has been used in regional and international studies of multidimensional poverty. Preferences in this article are time preferences. Superior preferences are defined in terms of individual preferences at the time of decision. Initially, for measuring multidimensional poverty using the the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems and then investigate the influence of preferences on multidimensional poverty. The Alkir & Foster's method is flexibly tested to measure multidimensional poverty in various dimensions of income, living standards, education, health and wellness, as well as superior time preferences. In this research, capability approach of sen uses for selective parameters that are compatible with the selection of dimension factors, deprivation indices for dimensions, size dimensions and weights for each dimension are used. All of the above is achieved by gathering information from the target areas.
3- METHODOLOGY
The data used in this study were collected through the distribution of questionnaires in marginal areas in Mashhad. According to the definition of age of poverty, the first stage of which is to find society and poor people, refer to the areas of Qala-e-Sakhtman, Golshahr, Cement Road and North Tabarsi, which are less developed and underdeveloped areas on the outskirts of Mashhad. Considering the annual income of individuals in 1398, which is 15,170,000 Rials per month and 182,040,000 Rials per year, individuals with less than the minimum selection rights and a multidimensional poverty questionnaire were selected, if they were satisfied.
500 questionnaires were distributed among the target regions. The multidimensional poverty questionnaire was designed using multidimensional poverty indicators in articles and the standard multidimensional poverty questionnaire (Alkir & Foster) and in order to assess the effect of superior time preferences, preference indices were added. Questionnaires were distributed in two stages. The first stage identified multidimensional poverty by distributing questionnaires among low-income peoples and the second stage provided preference identification questionnaires among middle-income people and then completed multidimensional poverty questionnaires and the effect of preferences on the dimensions of multidimensional poverty using It is determined by the options. In this study, the variables of education, living standards, health and hygiene for multidimensional poverty and the variables of temporal trust, temporal risk, temporal altruism, positive and negative temporal interaction, are used for superior temporal preferences. The selected variables for multidimensional poverty are selected from the Alkir & Foster questionnaire and the preference variables are selected according to the questionnaire designed by the global site of preferences. In selecting areas, the level of deprivation in all dimensions is considered.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Dimensons of
multidimensional poverty
Altruism
Positive and negative reciprocity
Trust
Risk
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
In the previous studies, the effect of preferences on multidimensional poverty considered separately. In this paper, the effect of superior temporal preferences on multidimensional poverty was investigated using Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Multidimensional poverty is introduced in various papers with other factors of deprivation such as education, health, living standards. Preferences introduce as the reasons for people's decisions. Preferences refer to trust, risk, altruism, and positive and negative reciprocity. For the first time in this study, the superior preferences of time that the reasons for the decision of the person outside the previous decisions and consider the reasons of the people at the time of the decision. Hence, temporal trust, temporal risk, temporal altruism, and positive and negative temporal interaction occur at the moment of a person's decision, and in the past, the effect of this preference has rarely existed. The reason for this is related to the individual's decision-making conditions at the time of the decision. For example, a person does not trust different people, but at the moment of decision making, he trusts the reasons and circumstances. Finally, by creating an ANFIS model, we examine the preferences for each of the dimensions of multidimensional poverty and obtain the results using the best creative membership functions and rules. According to the results table of temporal altruism, temporal reciprocity, temporal trust and temporal risk are the most common reasons for people to help and have the greatest impact on the dimensions of multidimensional poverty. According to the results of the research, it is suggested that attention to multidimensional poverty and its dimensions is necessary to reduce poverty, and in this regard, the personal and social potentials of individuals such as altruism, reciprocity, trust and risk can be Used to provide information on the dimensions of deprivation.
Original Article
maryam sadat afkhami mostafavi; masoud imanian Ardebili; mahnaz amirpour
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION Currently, our country, on the one hand, encounters an unprecedented increase in the unemployment rate of university graduates, and on the other hand, the inability of the government to employ them. Hence, our society requires ...
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1- INTRODUCTION Currently, our country, on the one hand, encounters an unprecedented increase in the unemployment rate of university graduates, and on the other hand, the inability of the government to employ them. Hence, our society requires individuals who can be effective entrepreneurs in creating job opportunities and self-employment through establishing new businesses. There are many factors involved in being an entrepreneur, and the social capital of an individual is one of these factors. The research conducted in the field of entrepreneurship shows that social networks influence identifying opportunities, entrepreneurial orientation, and professional decision-making to become an effective entrepreneur. Thus, the presence of an entrepreneur in the heart of society and the continuous identification of individuals' requirements and efforts to meet them have become an inevitable necessity. In addition to being active in society and identifying appropriate opportunities, having efficient knowledge and updated information as capital is another undeniable principle of success for entrepreneurs. This capital, as the experts and researchers have classified it, includes human, cultural, social, economic, etc. capitals, all of which in the form of an interwoven system are trying to make value-creation in addition to creating knowledge and information as a competitive advantage by operationalizing it to meet the needs of other people. For this reason, there is a multi-faceted relationship between entrepreneurship and the aforementioned capitals, in the meantime, the relationship between entrepreneurship and social capital has special importance, which is discussed in the present research. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKThe recognition of appropriate opportunity is known as one of the most important abilities of successful entrepreneurs. Gaglio and Katz believe that understanding the process of opportunity recognition is one of the fundamental questions in the field of entrepreneurship. This has led to considerable interest in why, when, and how some people are able to recognize opportunities while others are not. Because opportunity recognition is the starting point of entrepreneurship, hence, to identify these opportunities, entrepreneurs can access this importance more than other people by using different factors and methods, one of these factors can be social capital and its dimensions which entrepreneurs can act by combining them in daily relationships to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities in business environments. Many other researchers paid attention to the importance of social networks in identifying opportunities and showed that entrepreneurs with larger social networks identify more opportunities. In general, individuals’ social capital can be searched in terms of the origin of its realization in fields such as the network of friendships, family relations, neighborhood, and finally their institutional affiliations. The spirit of entrepreneurship also shows itself in various aspects such as acceptance of uncertainty, risk-taking, creativity, seeking independence, seeking success, and internal control. Since, according to the reviewed sources, social capital is mostly exogenous and entrepreneurial spirit is endogenous, it can be expected that, in a theoretical analytical model, social capital along with economic capital and cultural capital as independent variables explain a significant amount of the entrepreneurial spirit scores variance of social agents under study. 3- METHODOLOGYThe current research is considered to be an applied problem in terms of the field implementation model in the form of a survey and terms of the approach. The technique used to collect information is the survey. The statistical population includes the students of Ferdowsi and Medical Sciences Universities of Mashhad in all levels of education in 1400. The tool of data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire, which was used to measure the entrepreneurial spirit from the questionnaire of Paul Barrow, Robert Brown, and Asadullah Kurdanaij. In this questionnaire, variables of social capital and its types, cultural capital, economic capital, and entrepreneurial spirit have been measured. The collected data has been analyzed using SPSS and Amos statistical software. Cronbach's alpha statistic was used to check the reliability of the research tool. As well as, in order to ensure the validity of the data collection tool, in addition to relying on the maximum use of validated items, the opinions of judges have been used.4- RESULTS & DISCUSSIONThe descriptive findings of the research showed that the students’ social and cultural capitals are medium, while their economic capital is low, and they have a relatively entrepreneurial spirit. In relation to the types of social capital, the descriptive results show that; the amount of family social capital of students is higher than in other dimensions.The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient test in examining the relationship between various social, economic, and cultural capitals with the entrepreneurial spirit of students showed that; among the types of individual capital of students, only economic capital has a significant positive relationship with their entrepreneurial spirit, while the relationship between cultural capital of students and their entrepreneurial spirit is negative, and there is no significant relationship between social capital and entrepreneurial spirit of students. Among the types of social capital, three types of social capital, i.e., friendship social capital, family social capital, and institutional social capital have a significant relationship with students' entrepreneurial spirit. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONSThe entrepreneurial spirit of students of Ferdowsi University of Medical Sciences is medium, which indicates that the social environment of students is not completely supportive in the field of entrepreneurship. Their social interactions are mainly with family, friends, other students, and lecturers, not with entrepreneurs, although the optimal conditions for entrepreneurship described in previous studies (which showed that the formation of the intention to start a new job increases in the case of support from close individual, the existence of an attitude of appreciation from the community and the confidence of working individual in the field of work) does not match.It is necessary that participants in professional education develop an educational model that involves working people in the discussion of education in the university, which may include the use of guest speakers who are successful in the field of entrepreneurship. This form of the program brings benefits to students in the form of a unique experience. So that it involves them in the issues and challenges experienced by entrepreneurs in real-life situations.
