مقالات پژوهشی
samaneh noraniazad; farhad khodadad; erfaneh rasekh jahromi
Abstract
Extended abstract1- IntroductionLearnig by doing which has a central place in economy, refer to the concept that worker’s ability and skills increase over time due to the repetition of a particular task, and this causes the cost of each level of production to decrease over time. This concept was ...
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Extended abstract1- IntroductionLearnig by doing which has a central place in economy, refer to the concept that worker’s ability and skills increase over time due to the repetition of a particular task, and this causes the cost of each level of production to decrease over time. This concept was introduced by Arrow to explain the effects of innovation and technological change, and as a stimulus for endogenous economic growth and development. According to him, learning in productive activities and the accumulation of gross investment is a catalyst for the experience (levitt, et al., 2013). This discussion emerged in Wright’s research, at the time planners were looking for a way to predict the cost of building ships and aircraft. In Wright’s study, the learning process is reported as an asymmetric relation between the average cost of production and congestion production, and this process is achieved when the workforce repeats an activity over time, and by doing it repeatedly, its skill and ability increase. This leads to higher efficiency and the identification of a predictable pattern for cost reduction in each sector (Glock, et al., 2019).In modern economic analysis, the learning process is classified into individual and organizational learning and a distinction is made between intra- and extra-organizational learning. In the individual learning process, in which individuals acquire the necessary skills and abilities through experience, the experience will be a by-product or joint product of the production of goods and services and is achieved by investing in labor, training programs, and research and development (R & D) projects. This process can create external savings by sharing learning and developing knowledge to other sectors while improving workers’ performance and saving on production costs (Jaber, 2016). 2- Theoretical FrameworkThe literature on the process of learning and economies of scale, which has always been considered in psychological, management, economic, and medical research, is based on the principle that people learn, through education and gaining experience and knowledge, how to have a better performance at a lower cost by saving time or increasing production (Nembehard, et al., 2019). Lucas defines this concept to explain the increase in the return on disembodid capital in human resources and believes that learning by doing is as effective as academic education in the formation of human capital (Levitt, et al., 2013). Plaza and Rohlf have argued that learning and knowledge development is a kind of intra-sectoral investment that will reduce production costs and induce economic growth because learning is essential with the increased investment in new machinery to use advanced and innovative technology, which in turn will increase productivity and reduce production costs (Plaza & Rohlf, 2008). Currently, the learning process is measured and evaluated using the learning curve as an efficient tool to show the development of employee’s performance through experience. This curve is widely used in production planning, forecasting, cost estimation, and budgeting of organizations and sub-sectors (Ferioli, et.al., 2009).3- MethodologyThe present study evaluated two static and dynamic aspects of cost advantage in health sectors of world countries. Thus, this study was a descriptive-analytical study that employed panel data regression. It should be noted that to develop an econometric model by default, costs were minimized according to the Cobb-Douglas production function and by replacing the input demand in the cost equation, the cost function fitting the Cobb-Douglas production function was obtained (Bahk& Gort., 1993). Moreover, to estimate the model developed based on the average cost data of the health sector, the number of people who received the minimum health services and the cumulative population of people from the beginning of the period to year t-1 was calculated based on the data from the World Bank database. the sample included 187 world countries. In fact, this study sought to evaluate the effect of economies of scale and learning in the health sector, it needed a well-organized model to distinguish the effects of learning and returns to scale from their effects on the cost of each unit of production. Thus, the Cobb- Douglas exponential production function with three variable inputs was used to extract the dual cost function and integrate its production function with the learning curve.4- Results & Discussion The results indicated that, economies of scale have been achieved in the health sectors of the world counties and it has been completely exhausted. Beacase, in the world countries the production coefficient is insignificant, so the return to scale was constant and close to one. In addition to, the learning process has been realized at a rate of 0.46. This implies that by increasing the number of people receiving the minimum health care, it is possible to reduce costs significantly in the health care sector. Also, With the development of knowledge and increasing experience in nearly 60% of countries, it is still possible to take advantage of economies of learning.5- Conclusions & SuggestionsLearning and economies of scale rates are two static and dynamic aspects of cost advantage, and they are different in world countries. However, in these countries, both components play an effective role in reducing costs. Nevertheless, the role of economies of scale in reducing costs is almost constant, but the economies of learning played the important role in reducing expenditures in the health sector. So, the effects of economies of scale and learning can play a key role in reducing costs in world countries.In this study, it is recommended to expand human capital learning through the development of physicians and health services personnel training, providing the staff participation in specialized programs.It is suggested to implement training programs for treatment managers and to employ committed managers with higher knowledge and expertise, to participate in international conferences, and to prepare programs to improve the skills and abilities of different departments of the medical staff.
مقالات پژوهشی
amirreza soori; mehdi mohrami
Abstract
1- IntroductionAn overview of the main suppliers of important imported goods in the CIS group shows that Iran is one of the main producers of ceramic products and glass products in the growing market of this region due to its comparative advantage and Iranian companies have a large capacity to meet the ...
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1- IntroductionAn overview of the main suppliers of important imported goods in the CIS group shows that Iran is one of the main producers of ceramic products and glass products in the growing market of this region due to its comparative advantage and Iranian companies have a large capacity to meet the needs of CIS countries. In this regard, the present article analyzes the factors affecting the trade of ceramic products and glass products by HS codes as described in HS68, HS69 and HS70 in CIS trade partners (which includes the Republic of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). The data covers the 2009-2019 period, and a panel data model is estimated by using methods of ordinary least squares, fixed effects and random effects.2- Theoretical FrameworkAfter the end of World War II, international trade grew faster, so that in recent years the world trade has grown largely faster than world production. Meanwhile, the share of developed countries in trade has been growing more than the total trade. Analysis of trade flows between countries showed that the exports with an emphasis on industrial goods is increasing in all countries. As trade growth increased, various models were introduced to explain business flows, the most practical of which was the Gravity model, which is widely used in international trade to explain business flows, to determine business potential, and to examine the effects of integration on Bilateral trade, etc. The gravity model is a simple model for analyzing bilateral business flows between geographic entities. In the 1980s, gravity models showed that economic growth, productivity, human capital, and economic freedom were among the factors influencing trade. They also showed that trade is affected by factors such as conditions in the origin country, economic scale, differences in the stock of factors of production or technology.3- MethodologyThe general form of the gravity model is:Where Tijt is the trade volume of ceramic products and glass products from country i to country j, yit is the GDP of the exporting country, Yjt is the GDP of the importer country, Zijt denotes variables affecting the flow of trade such as distance between countries (in kilometers), trade imbalances, etc., uijt is a random disturbance term iid (normally and independently distributed). In order to facilitate the estimation, the above model was linearized as follows. represent elasticities. The logarithmic form of the formulated gravity model is: where Tijt is the trade volume of ceramic products and glass products of country i to country j. yit is the GDP of the exporter country. This variable represents the size of the economy of the exporting countries. yjt is the GDP of the importer country. This variable represents the size of the economy of the importer country. is the degree of trade imbalance between the exporting country and the importing countries:Where () export (import) of country i to (from) country j at time t. is the distance between the exporter country and the importer country and represents the random disturbance term iid (normally and independently distributed ).4- Results & DiscussionThe model is estimated by conventional least squares method, fixed effects and random effects by commodity groups HS68 (ceramic products, glassware and glass products), HS69 (ceramic products) and HS70 (glassware and glass products), for CIS countries, by using STATA14 software. the estimation results are presented in the following three tables. Table1. Results of gravity model estimation for HS68 group by different panel methodsvariableMethod OLS FE RE Coef.SECoef.SECoef.SE 1.580.33 1.330.33 1.940.34 1.450.34 1.230.33 1.940.26 0.06-0.04 0.02-0.04 0.03-0.03 0.17-0.04 0.16-0.04 0.16-0.04Constant0.07-0.04 0.050.03 0.02-0.03 Table2. Results of gravity model estimation for HS69 group by different panel methodsvariableMethod OLS FE RE Coef.SECoef.SECoef.SE 0.530.09 0.550.13 0.560.12 1.230.33 1.320.24 1.440.26 -0.160.04 -0.240.04 -0.210.04 -0.230.04 -0.240.06 -0.230.06Constant-0.030.03 0.030.03 -0.040.04 Table3. Results of gravity model estimation for HS70 group by different panel methodsvariableMethod OLS FE RE Coef.SECoef.SECoef.SE 0.560.22 0.620.25 0.620.52 1.220.16 1.140.33 1.310.32 -0.120.04 -0.150.04 -0.220.04 -0.020.04 -0.160.04 -0.040.04Constant-0.070.03 0.050.03 -0.040.035- Conclusions & SuggestionsTo estimate the value of trade between countries, a differential gravity model of bilateral trade flows was formulated and estimated with panel data from 2009 to 2019 for each of the commodity groups HS68 (ceramic products, glass and glass products), HS69 (ceramic products) as well as HS70 (glass and glass products). The parameters were estimated with a large database by using ordinary least squares, fixed-effects and random-effects methods. For the three commodity groups, the results were stable across methods. For HS68, exports were elastic with respect to the gross domestic product (GDP) of exporters and importers GDP. For HS69, exports were inelastic with respect to the exporters GDP and elastic with respect to importers GDP. Exports of HS70 were inelastic with the exporters GDP and elastic with respect to the importers. Results show that geographical distance and trade imbalance is negative and significant; trade increases if the transportation costs decrease. We also introduce the economic dimension and income per-capita; these proxies confirm the positive effects in bilateral trade.
Original Article
ZeInab Siahpoosh; Sayed Mohammad Bagher Najafi; Jamal Fathollahi; yosef mohamadifar
Abstract
1- IntroductionThe realization of a knowledge-based economy requires appropriate cultural prerequisites. According to Stiglitz (Stiglit, 1999(, one of the first and most important issues is to provide cultural prerequisites and realize the effective cultural factors in this regard . In fact, cultural ...
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1- IntroductionThe realization of a knowledge-based economy requires appropriate cultural prerequisites. According to Stiglitz (Stiglit, 1999(, one of the first and most important issues is to provide cultural prerequisites and realize the effective cultural factors in this regard . In fact, cultural factors are one of the most crucial factors and prerequisites for transforming the economy of Iran and Kermanshah province into a knowledge-based, dynamic, persistent, capable, and competitive economy in the country. Therefore, this study used an institutional theoretical framework to identify and prioritize cultural factors affecting the realization of a knowledge-based economy.2- Theoretical framework It is of high importance to have an appropriate institutional regime framework to facilitate interactions between different parts of the knowledge-based economy (Schiliro, 2012). The institutional regime consists of formal rules, informal (institutions) restrictions, and their executive characteristics (North,1996b). Informal institutions are the informal behavioral rules of society that are part of the culture.3- MethodologyThe most important cultural indicators affecting the realization of the knowledge economy were investigated and selected by referring to the previous literature and upstream documents and interviews with 14 experts in the field. Then, pairwise comparison questionnaires were completed by 20 experts, and indicators were extracted by Expert Choice. Finally, the indicators were prioritized by hierarchical analysis.4- Results & DiscussionAccording to the results of the study:Education as one of the most important elements of the knowledge-based economy accounts for the first priority (28%) among the top 10 indicators. Hence, it is necessary to have a skilled and educated workforce to provide efficiency, learning, dissemination, and application of knowledge, which leads to increased productivity of factors of production as well as economic growth and development (Chen & Dahlman, 2005). Among the components of education, primary education (56%) is the most important grade, whereas secondary education accounts for 18%, which indicates the major role of primary education in the knowledge-based economy. In fact, basic education strengthens the foundations of human capital by training the skilled and experienced workforce, resulting in the realization of a knowledge-based economy by creation a scientism institution and social capital.Rationality: To achieve development in the knowledge-based economy, it is necessary to refer to reason and thinking and strengthen the rational and scientific attitude of rationality in society, because the production of science and knowledge relies on thinking and a rational approach. This indicator (14%) accounts for the next priority after education in terms of impact on the realization of the knowledge-based economy in Kermanshah province. Among the dimensions of rationality indicator, the most important dimension is the position of science and knowledge (24%) and the most important component of the dimension is scientism (30%).3.Skill of Thinking skill: Development is an internal issue, a collective phenomenon, and an important goal that requires the highest degree of coordination and participation. In other words, there must be coordination and consistency in the thoughts and ideas for coordinating peoples' actions (Sariolghalam, 2007, p. 56). Therefore, harmonizing the thoughts leads to harmony in the actions of individuals, flourishes creativity and innovation, and ultimately enables the achievement of the knowledge-based model. This indicator (9.6%) accounts for the third priority.The fourth indicator is justice (8.6%) with judicial justice as the most important dimension of the justice indicator. Moreover, the most important component of the judicial justice dimension is the fair implementation of laws. Justice affects the realization of the knowledge-based economy in two ways: 1) by creation equal access for all to public facilities, in particular, educational and health facilities, and ultimately, the realization of human development, which is one of the main institutional contexts for achieving a knowledge-based economy, and 2) by establishing equal conditions for all in order to attend a fair competition.The ethics indicator (8.1%) accounts for the fifth priority, with the political dimension with the meritocracy component in the transfer of responsibilities as the most important dimension of the indicator. According to Williamson's four-level analytical framework, many of the ethical values affecting the realization of the knowledge-based economy, such as the emergence of informal institutions produce development at the first level. Informal institutions formed at the first level lead to the emergence of some rules at the second level. According to the rules of the second level, the proper management is accomplished at the society, and finally, the results obtained in the previous three levels lead to the realization of a knowledge-oriented society in the fourth level (Fathollahi et al., 2015).Subjective culture (7.5%) and social order (7.4%) (the sixth and seventh priorities) play a role in the realization of this new production model. The most important component of subjective culture is the attitude towards learning science. Moreover, the most important dimension of the order indicator is legality and the most important component of the legality dimension is the remark for private property.In addition, scientific independence (6.2%) and cultural interactions (6.2%) account for the same priority (the eighth and ninth priorities). However, the objective dimension of culture (4.6%) accounts for the last priority in terms of the effect on the realization of the knowledge-based economy so that mismatch rate of 2% also reflects consistency between the results.5- Conclusions In general, since culture, knowledge transfer, values, and other factors affecting behavior are defined from one generation to another through education and imitation, education by training skilled and capable people results in the development of rational attitude and changes in the attitude of people (North, 1990, p. 79). According to Max Weber, harmony in the attitude of individuals creates a kind of collective reason called rationality (Yeganeh & Labibi, 2011, p. 106). On the other hand, governing rationality in society leads to the establishment of social order and its stability.
مقالات پژوهشی
Roohollah Babaki; Behnam Elyaspour
Abstract
Introduction
Global warming has become one of the biggest environmental issues currently facing mankind. Among the six greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (Co2) contributes the most to the greenhouse effect and accounted for approximately 78% of total greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion ...
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Introduction
Global warming has become one of the biggest environmental issues currently facing mankind. Among the six greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (Co2) contributes the most to the greenhouse effect and accounted for approximately 78% of total greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrialization from 1970 to 2010. It has become a common aspiration of all countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as Co2 and realize a low-carbon circular economy (Liu et al., 2019).
The issue of climate change and global warming has become a great concern for the international community. The issue has also drawn the attention of many financial and economic researchers to empirically investigate the causes of climate change and global warming. However, many studies ignore the influence of economic freedom when investigation the determinants. This gap in the literature has motivated this study to examine the environmental impacts of economic freedom.
In fact, this paper intends to answer this question that whether economic freedom in OPEC member countries, including Iran, has a positive and significant effect on reducing carbon dioxide emissions (improving the quality of the environment). Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of economic freedom on environmental quality in OPEC member countries during the period 1996-2014 by using the ARDL-panel model.
Theoretical framework
Economic freedom is often mentioned as a crucial component for improving incentives, productive efforts and an effective resource use. If economic freedom is good or bad for the environment depends largely on how these factors in turn affect the environment. In fact, the main question is that how different economic freedom variables, that have been found to be important for economic growth, affect the environment.
The Figure (1) shows the channels of economic freedom impact on environmental quality.
Figure 1: Channels affecting economic freedom on environmental quality
Source: Research Classification
Methodology
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of economic freedom on environmental quality in eleven selected OPEC member countries (Iran, Algeria, Angola, Congo, Gabon, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Venezuela) during 1996-2014 by using the ARDL panel method.
The model of the paper to investigate the effect of economic freedom on Co2 emissions (which has been used as an alternative variable to environmental quality) based on the Adesina & Mwamba (2019) study is as follows:
Where Co2 is logarithm of carbon dioxide emissions (tons per capita) in country i at time t; LEF economic freedom index logarithm; LELC per capita electricity logarithm (per kilowatt hour); LGDP per capita GDP logarithm (fixed price); LUP logarithm of urban population ratio (urban population as a percentage of total population); ui, Constant effects of time and vit, residuals of the model. It is also intended to include LGDP2 (quadratic logarithm of GDP per capita, at a fixed price) in the model for examination the confirmation or non-confirmation of the existence of the Kuznets curve in selected OPEC member countries. For economic freedom data, the Heritage Foundation's Economic Freedom Index is used, and data on other variables are extracted from the World Bank.
Results & Discussion
In this section, first, to check the presence of the unit root in the model variables, the unit root test is performed for the variables. Then the co-integration test is performed for a long-term relationship between the model variables and at the of end the results of the model estimation are presented.
According to the results, variables LCo2 and LUP are integrated from zero order (I(0)) and LGDP, LGDP2 and LEP are integrated from first order (I(1)). Also, the co-integration and consequently the long-run relationship between the model variables is confirmed.
Estimation of the model by using ARDL panel approach shows that all long-term coefficients of the research model are significant at the 5% level. In addition, the coefficient of LGDP2 is 0.66, which indicates that the Kuznets curve is not established in selected OPEC countries. Also, the error correction term (ECT) is -0.7177, which shows that in each period, 71.77% of the imbalance error is corrected.
Conclusions & Suggestions
The results show that economic freedom has had a negative effect on CO2 emissions in selected OPEC countries during the period of this study. This means that economic freedom improves the quality of the environment. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that the country specific environmental policies should be encouraged in order to succeed in the fight against greenhouse gas emissions or the spread of environmental destruction. Economic policymakers are also advised to put the country on the path of economic liberalization in order to benefit from the positive results of economic liberalization and breaking government monopolies, and to improve the quality of the country environment.
مقالات پژوهشی
Asyeh Nejad Taheri; Ali Karshenasan; mohsen mohammadi
Abstract
IntroductionThe aim of this study is the evaluation of entrepreneurship ecosystem of Iran provinces and its performance. In this regard, using Iran entrepreneurship ecosystem monitoring data, in 2019 which focused on institutional quality and individual dimensions of entrepreneurship ecosystem. Penalty ...
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IntroductionThe aim of this study is the evaluation of entrepreneurship ecosystem of Iran provinces and its performance. In this regard, using Iran entrepreneurship ecosystem monitoring data, in 2019 which focused on institutional quality and individual dimensions of entrepreneurship ecosystem. Penalty for bottlenecked approach used to evaluate which pillars of entrepreneurship ecosystem in each province must be cared more. So then, in order to present a dynamic imagination of optimized allocation of policy making activities to maximize the values of business environment index and improving business environment of the provinces by PFB method introduced.Theoretical FrameworkEntrepreneurship development as a major policy for economic growth and Development identified and emphasized in literature (Acs 2008, Szerb et al., 2016, Baumol 2003). While entrepreneurship has gained quick and ardent acceptance from practitioners in the policy agenda since its appearance, entrepreneurship policy as a quasi-independent field apart from public and small business policy has just been emerging recently ( Acs – Szerb 2007; Lunstrom – Stevenson 2005). Improving the business environment index pillars in country by focus on the weakest pillar is a strategy of Penalty for Bottlencked Approach in this regard, the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI) methodology of Acs et al. (2013) utilized.MethodologyThe penalty for bottleneck method which used in Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI) methodology of Acs et al. (2013) identifies the weakest pillar ecosystem. So ecosystem performance will improve by identifying the bottleneck as weakest pillar and actions to improve it. Simulations of bottleneck measure the scale of improvement of business environment index accordingly.DiscussionThe simulated indices table of business environment components of provinces designed and findings indicates the necessity of concentration of policy making and present resources to improve the weakest pillars of each province. Mostly developed provinces including Isfahan, Razavi Khorasan, East Azerbaijan, Markazi, Mazandaran and Boushehr feel weakness in legal environment. While developing provinces including Alborz, Fars, Kordistan, Golestan, Hamedan, Ardebil and Chaharmalao bakhtiari indicates weakness in financial pillar. Also some other provinces report the cultural and educational environment pillar weakness including. Technology and innovation environment in industrial and trade hub provinces like Isfahan, Boushehr, Markazi and Hormozgan identified as superior pillar.Conclusion and Suggestions The provinces by demographic advantages including markets access, export market accesses and transmission infrastructure have geographical advantages. Based on data simulation conducted on entrepreneurship ecosystem pillars of provinces, findings illustrates due to access 11 percent improvement on entrepreneurship ecosystem index needs to future efforts as 16 percent in macroeconomic environment pillar, 15 percent in financial environment pillar, 18 percent in legal environment pillar.
Original Article
somaieh meyghani; Mahdi Khodaparast Mashadi; Narges Salehnia
Abstract
1- Introduction
Climate change on planet earth as a result of growing economies in recent decades has had many effects that could not be ignored agricultural wise. The agriculture sector is one of the main sectors influenced by climate change because of its role in providing nutrition, which in turn ...
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1- Introduction
Climate change on planet earth as a result of growing economies in recent decades has had many effects that could not be ignored agricultural wise. The agriculture sector is one of the main sectors influenced by climate change because of its role in providing nutrition, which in turn effects the economy of region. Some regions, including the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA), are exposed to more severe climate change. Therefore, in this research, the effects of climate change on value-added agriculture in the MENA region countries are investigated.
2-Theoretical framework
In present theoretical and empirical evidence, several potential approaches have been proposed for the effects of climate change on economic growth. First, destruction of nature and ecosystems, storms, floods, drought, deaths, and extinction of endangered species resulting from extreme weather events cause serious damage to economic growth. On the other hand, resources required to counter the damaging effects of global warming reduce availability of resources needed to invest in physical infrastructures, R & D, and human capital. As a result, economic growth will shrink (Dell et al. 2012; Abidoye et.al 2015). Theoretically, the relationship between climate change and economic growth could be mentioned through both macroeconomic and microeconomic perspectives. From the macroeconomic perspective, this relationship affects the level of output, including agricultural yield and economic potential to increase growth by its impact on investments and institutional status. From the microeconomic perspective, this relationship includes an array of factors like cognitive and physical labor productivity, conflict, and health, all of which have wide economic implications (IPCC 2007; Abidoye et.al 2015). Specifically, the important classical ideas related to economic development are presented in studies of economists such as Marshall (1890) and Huntington (1915) who relate productivity to temperature (Dell et al. 2012).
3- Methodology
The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of climate change on value-added agriculture in the MENA region countries. Thus, temperature and precipitation data and value-added agriculture of 11 MENA countries during 2001-2016 was used here. This study employed Panel Data cointegration Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) models. Also, The Pedroni, Kao, and Westerlund cointegration tests confirmed existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship.
4- Discussion
The results indicate existence of a cointegrated long-term relationship between climate change and value-added agriculture. The value-added agriculture elasticity to climate change, gross fixed capital formation, employment and CO2 emission intensity are consistent with theoretical and empirical research types. Moreover, comparing the elasticity in both applied approaches shows that temperature changes had a negative and significant effect, and precipitation changes positively and significantly impacted the value-added agriculture variable. It implies that with a one percent increase in temperature and precipitation over the long term, value-added agriculture is changed in the FMOLS model at a rate of -0.28, 0.03 percent, and in the DOLS model -0.09, 0.02 percent, respectively.
5- Conclusion and Suggestions
One of the important and obvious consequences of climate change in agriculture is its impact on food security and the spread of poverty. Consideration of the vital role of agriculture in economic growth and development, and since climate change and global warming in the future can pose serious risks to reduce the Value-added Agriculture. Therefore, there is a need for an international policy to adopt strategies to mitigate or control climate change. This is not only for economic growth in the MENA countries but also for poverty reduction. Investment in sectors such as energy-efficient technologies, renewable energy, public transport, sustainable agriculture, Implementation of appropriate cultivation pattern, development of drought-tolerant crop varieties and sustainable management of natural resources are needed for the promotion of a green economy. While the green economy can reduce climate change, it can turn the pressures of climate change into an opportunity for sustainable agriculture, resulting in maximum production and the Value-added agriculture.
