Journal of economics and regional development

Abstract In this study, the threshold effects of the government's governance role in the relationship between fiscal deficit and tax policies with economic growth and prosperity index during the years 1365-1400 and the application of the mild transfer threshold approach (STAR) were investigated. The results of the non-linear part of the model show the existence of a positive relationship between the variables of tax revenues and oil prices with the economic growth and welfare index. Also, the variables of government size, fiscal deficit, exchange rate, and inflation lead to a decrease of 7%, 17%, 25%, and 17% of economic growth and welfare, respectively. Due to the fact that the financial relationship is the main factor in transferring oil price instability to other sectors of the economy, financial discipline is the only wise way to deal with financial deficit and currency and financial instability. For this reason, it is necessary to vaccinate the economy against the instability of oil revenues by disconnecting the government's current expenditures with oil revenues. Also, regarding the way of spending oil revenues, the existing laws regarding saving a part of oil revenues in the National Development Fund should be implemented with more executive guarantee. It is also suggested that the government, by shrinking its body, provides space for the private sector and foreign investment, with the entry of foreign direct investment and the development of financial markets, the government's foreign exchange income will increase, and as a result, with the growth of the government's foreign exchange income, the value of the national currency will also increase, which can be effective in the economic growth and prosperity of the country.

Abstract In recent years, CO2 emissions have become a global concern, exacerbated by population growth, rapid economic development, and industrialization. Countries in the MENA region, as the largest producers and exporters of fossil fuels globally, have been significant contributors to climate change and have thus attracted considerable attention. Against this backdrop, the present study investigates the impact of macroeconomic variables on CO2 emissions in MENA countries. To achieve this objective, annual panel data from 1990 to 2023 were collected for 19 MENA member countries. The key variables included per capita CO2 emissions (dependent variable), urbanization rate, agriculture, renewable energy consumption, foreign direct investment (FDI), per capita internet usage as a proxy for information and communication technology (ICT), gross domestic product (GDP), and its square. All variables were sourced from the World Bank. Considering the influence of lagged dependent variables on recurring CO2 emissions, the generalized method of moments (GMM) was employed. The results of Hansen and Sargan tests validated the instruments used in both Difference GMM and System GMM estimations. The main findings revealed that the selected macroeconomic variables significantly impact CO2 emissions. Increases in urbanization, agriculture, FDI, and GDP lead to increased CO2 emissions, while renewable energy consumption contributes to reduced emissions. Furthermore, the relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions was confirmed to be nonlinear and inverse (inverted U-shaped curve).

Abstract Creating the necessary conditions to promote continuous and stable economic growth is one of the macroeconomic goals of countries. conomic freedom is one of the factors affecting economic growth; through trade freedom, the removal of unnecessary government barriers, and property rights, it can provide incentives for investment, improve skills, and transfer technology, and pave the way for the development of productive activities. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to examine the impact of economic freedom on economic growth in selected developed countries (OECD) and developing countries (selected MENA) in the period 1998-2022 using the generalized moments method.
The results of the study indicate that there is an inverse and significant relationship between inflation and economic growth in the two groups of countries studied; while the relationship between economic freedom, foreign direct investment, degree of trade openness, growth in the previous period, and government spending on economic growth in the two groups of countries studied was direct and significant. Since economic freedom has the greatest impact on growth, it can be acknowledged that improving economic freedom will provide incentives for all types of investments, accumulation of skills, as well as technology transfer and efficient use of investments, and will increase strength and competitiveness, and as a result, will lead to the realization of stable economic growth.

Abstract The economies of countries are affected by various factors, and the contribution of each factor will vary depending on the situation of that country. In the future, it can also experience important changes under the influence of trends, considering the current position of economies and related phenomena. Accordingly, Iran's oil economy will also be affected by macro trends in the future, the identification of which can change the balance in favor of its improvement. Therefore, the aim of this research is to identify and analyze the macro trends of Iran's oil economy in the 2030 horizon with a futures research approach. The research method is applied-developmental and integrated in terms of information collection. In the qualitative and exploratory part, through an environmental survey, first the macro trends affecting changes in the oil economy are identified, and then the important drivers of these macro trends are extracted, identified, and then analyzed. The statistical population of the research includes 20 professors, elites, and economic experts, whose selection was made using the snowball method. Using the opinions of the participants in the research and brainstorming sessions, more detailed trends and related drivers are identified. The research findings have shown that in explaining the future of Iran's oil economy, four important macro trends play an influential role in the future of this field. The first macro trend is technological changes, which are introduced and analyzed with 5 drivers: digital convergence and transformation, machine learning and artificial intelligence, the creation of new markets, increasing labor productivity, and an economy with a human face. In the macro trend of political issues, there are also three important drivers: increasing geopolitical and political fluctuations, international sanctions, and convergence in political values. The macro trend of environmental issues is defined and explained with three drivers: decarbonization of the economy, increasing importance of environmental sustainability, and resource limitations, and finally the macro trend of demographic issues is introduced and analyzed with four drivers: population growth, population imbalance, increased urbanization, and increased demographic diversity of the labor market. While all of these drivers are valuable to Iran's oil economy, opportunities and threats have been identified and quantified for each driver.

Abstract The negative externalities due to the extension of the economic production activities, including climate crises caused by fossil fuels and the crisis of exhaustion of reserves of these fuels, have turned attention to the replacement of renewable energy with non-renewable energy sources. So extensive studies in this issues, it was formed to examine the factors affecting the consumption of clean fuels. This paper investigates the effect of income inequality and some other macroeconomic variables on renewable energy consumption in developing countries during 1990 to 2022 using the ARDL-PMG econometric method. According to the results the negative and significant effect of income inequality and the positive and significant effect of gross domestic product on renewable energy consumption were confirmed, which clarifies the need to pay attention to the importance of reducing economic inequality in order to achieve the environmental goals of development. moreover, the effect of trade openness was negative and the effect of real oil price was positive. According to the results of the research, it is recommended that policymakers and economic decision-makers consider the results of this and similar research in their development plans in order to reduce the environmental externality of economic production activities and achieve clean energy, which is the axis of sustainable development.

Abstract The product life cycle indicates the period of time from the introduction of the product to its decline, and its identification is important for every company. Because by knowing this cycle, the company, while helping the growth of production and sales of the product, can prevent the rapid decline of the product. the main goal of the current research is dynamic modeling of pharmaceutical company competitiveness in the framework of the life cycle. For this purpose, it uses the combined approach of system dynamics and econometrics, and two important factors in the competitiveness of medication production, i.e. sustainable distribution network and production quality, have been investigated. Considering the high consumption of antibiotics in Iran, in this research, Farabi company's amoxicillin medication was selected and simulation was done for the period of 2002-2029. The results of this research show: First, the level of consumer access, the geographical coverage of the medication, and the quality of the medication have a positive effect on the life cycle of the product. Secondly, the effect of these factors is greater in the maturity stage as well as in the decline stage of the product. Considering that it seems that amoxicillin has reached its decline stage, it is suggested to Farabi company to review the life cycle of the drug by adopting policies to improve the quality of distribution . And to keep the quality of drug production, product life and sales at a favorable level.

Abstract The most important subjects around develpment are the fonnection between people and government in a way of developing society.people becuse of their role in society have much imprtance in governments workout and can play an important part in developing.
One of the features of the rentier system is converting the social system to a rentier syatem.in a connection of sociql and political parts of system,behaviours caused by rent effects the teo sided function of government and society and this connection in rantier societies which is more based on gifted bless is more clear to see and feel
The process of the changes devided in two parts:befor and after of oil; one of the examples for research is Iran
Iran has the ellegant features of a rantier system and because of the imprtant role of petrol industry in this country we can devided this into two parts including befor oil and after oil and than analyse it.

Abstract Renewable energies play an important role in converting clean energy and reducing carbon emissions. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the trends and factors affecting the distribution of renewable energies and inequality between countries. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to compare the factors affecting the consumption of renewable energy in industrialized and developing societies with the new approach of panel momentary quantile regression (MMQREG) during the period of 1990-2022. The results showed that different factors have different effects on the development of clean energy in developed and developing countries. The results show that energy consumption, financial development, and carbon emissions reduce the consumption of renewable energy in developed countries. While energy consumption and financial development help the development of clean energy in developing countries. However, economic growth increases the development of clean energy in developed countries, but in developing countries, it causes a decrease in the development of green energy. In addition, the results showed that increasing globalization increases the consumption of green energy in both groups of countries. Therefore, in order to achieve the goals of carbon neutrality and sustainable development, the authorities of developed and developing countries should consider factors appropriate to each society for the development of clean energy.

Abstract The dynamic relationship between natural resource rents and economic growth has long been associated with the paradox of the "resource curse." However, the role of entrepreneurship as a moderating mechanism in this relationship has received relatively limited attention. This study focuses on both oil-rich and non-oil economies to simultaneously analyze the impact of resource rents and entrepreneurial activities on economic growth, thereby addressing a gap in the literature concerning the trilateral interaction among these variables. Utilizing panel data from 2006 to 2020 and employing the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), the findings indicate that in oil-based economies, although resource rents independently exert suppressive effects on growth, their convergence with entrepreneurship—through channeling wealth into productive sectors—significantly enhances economic performance. In contrast, in non-oil economies, entrepreneurship emerges as the primary engine of growth independent of resource rents, underscoring the importance of innovation and diversification. Moreover, institutional quality in oil economies is identified as a crucial determinant of the direction (positive or negative) of the impact of resource rents. These results advocate for integrated policy frameworks that strengthen institutions, develop entrepreneurial ecosystems, and reduce reliance on natural resources as prerequisites for sustainable growth in resource-dependent countries.