مقالات پژوهشی
Hassan Daliri; Nader Mehrgan
Abstract
Per capita ecological footprint (EF), or ecological footprint analysis (EFA), is a means of comparing consumption and lifestyles, and checking this against nature's ability to provide for this consumption. The tool can inform policy by examination to what extent a nation uses more (or less) than is available ...
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Per capita ecological footprint (EF), or ecological footprint analysis (EFA), is a means of comparing consumption and lifestyles, and checking this against nature's ability to provide for this consumption. The tool can inform policy by examination to what extent a nation uses more (or less) than is available within its territory, or to what extent the nation's lifestyle would be replicable worldwide. The footprint can also be a useful tool to educate people about carrying capacity and over-consumption, with the aim of altering personal behavior. Ecological footprints may be used to argue that many current lifestyles are not sustainable. Such a global comparison also clearly shows the inequalities of resource use on this planet at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Ecological footprint analysis is now widely used around the Earth as an indicator of environmental sustainability. It can be used to measure and manage the use of resources throughout the economy. It can be used to explore the sustainability of individual lifestyles, goods and services, organizations, industry sectors, neighborhoods, cities, regions and nations. Since 2006, a first set of ecological footprint standards exist that detail both communication and calculation procedures.
Methodology
The ecological footprint accounting method at the national level is described in the Footprint Atlas 2010 or in greater detail in the Calculation Methodology for the National Footprint Accounts. The National Accounts Review Committee has also published a research agenda on how the method will be improved. There have been differences in the methodology used by various ecological footprint studies. Examples include how sea area should be counted, how to account for fossil fuels, how to account for nuclear power (many studies simply consider it to have the same ecological footprint as fossil fuels), which data sources used, when average global numbers or local numbers should be used when looking at a specific area, how space for biodiversity should be included, and how imports/exports should be accounted for. However, as new footprint standards emerge, the calculation methodologies are converging.
The Ecological Footprint (EF) is an attempt to quantify sustainability. The EF is based on the fact that every human activity has an impact on the environment through the resources required by these activities and the wastes generated from them. Logic dictates that a certain area of land is required to produce resources and sequester wastes. What differentiates EF from other methods of sustainability assessment is that all human enterprises are reduced to a single dimensional area. Ecological foot-printing itself is based on several assumptions, the primary ones being: It is possible to identify the resources required by an activity and quantify the wastes generated by it. These resources and wastes can then be converted to land area values that are representative of the bio-productive land required to produce the resources and sequester the wastes. The EF represents the critical natural capital requirements of a defined economy or population in terms of the corresponding biologically productive areas (Rees and Wackernagel, 1992). Once values for resource consumption are generated, biological yield conversion factors are used to translate the resource flows into land values. These conversion factors can vary greatly depending on how they are calculated as well as the bio-productivity of the regions on which they are based. The resources themselves are divided into several sections such as housing, transport, consumer goods etc and this can also vary based on which methodology is used. Once calculated, the per capita footprint can be compared to the global Earth-share, which is the average land availability per person on earth.
Any overshoot above this figure is termed the environmental deficit and indicates the degree to which a population is living beyond nature’s means. An easy method for visualizing what the EF means is the example of a modern city with associated resource and waste flows. A large dome covers the city and the only thing that can travel through this dome is light. Naturally, the inhabitants do not survive and the structure of their society breaks down. Imagine if it were possible to stretch this dome so that it encompassed the bio-productive area outside this city. The EF of the city/region is the total area the dome would have to cover in order for the city/region to be able to sustain itself indefinitely with the same levels of consumption. That is the total area required to provide all the resources and sequester all the wastes indefinitely. Thus EFs are practical indicators for the impact or environmental overshoot of a region since high economic demand equates to an excessive resource requirement. This means more land is required to maintain production, which in turn, results in depleted capital stocks. Productive land itself is a good proxy for natural capital since both supply vital ecosystem services.
Results and discussion
The results show that among the provinces of Khorasan Razavi, Shomali (North) ans Jonobi (South), North Khorasan have 1.9704 (ha/per) of ecological footprint (minimal ecological footprint in this provinces) and residents of South Khorasan have 2.1699 (ha/per) of ecological footprint (highest ecological footprint in this provinces). The following table shows the summary results
provinces energy pastures Crop and garden Forest
land Sea
land Degraded land total
South Khorasan food 0.0807 0.6747 0.2210 2.7*10-6 0.000058 0.0029 0.9794
transportation 0.1130 - - - - 0.01834 0.1313
Goods and service 0.3431 0.790 0.0119 0.126 - 0.00094 0.5611
housing 0.1282 - - 3666/0 - 0.0030 0.4978
total 0.6652 0.7538 0.2329 4926/0 0.000058 0.02524 2.1699
Khorasan Razavi food 0.0623 0.5903 0.1622 2.7*10-6 0.000098 0.0017 0.8168
transportation 0.1209 - - - - 0.0032 0.1241
Goods and service 0.3664 0.0335 0.0055 0.126 - 0.0012 0.5328
housing 0.2673 - - 0.3808 - 0.0028 0.6510
total 0.8170 0.6239 0.1678 0.5068 0.000098 0.0091 2.1249
North Khorasan food 0.0171 0.4695 0.1951 2.7*10-6 0.00014 0.0014 6835/0
transportation 0.0991 - - - - 0.0059 1050/0
Goods and service 0.3993 0.0692 0.0116 0.126 - 0.0004 6067/0
housing 0.2242 - - 0.3483 - 0.0025 0.5771
total 0.7398 0.5388 0.2068 0.4743 0.00014 0.0103 1.9704
Conclusion
The results of this study show that studied Provinces have the ecological deficit. Therefore This Provinces Should is considered in urban and regional planning. Regions require various land uses; protection of farmland, cities, industrial space, transportation hubs and infrastructure, military bases, and wilderness. Regional planning is the science of efficient placement of infrastructure and zoning for the sustainable growth of a region.
Keywords: Ecological Footprint, sustainable development, northern Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, southern Khorasan, biological capacity, sustainable development
JEl classification: Q56, Q57, R11, R58
مقالات پژوهشی
majid aghaei; Mahdieh Rezagholizadeh
Abstract
This paper surveys economic growth and energy consumption relationship by new econometric methods in different sectors of Iran. this study uses panel error correction model and panel co integration and causality tests to investigate short run and long run relationship between energy and value added growth ...
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This paper surveys economic growth and energy consumption relationship by new econometric methods in different sectors of Iran. this study uses panel error correction model and panel co integration and causality tests to investigate short run and long run relationship between energy and value added growth in different sectors of Iran’s economy with regards to energy price in the time period of 1369 until 1389.Long run and short run coefficients estimation have done by using Dynamic Ordinary Least Square, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square and Pooled Mean Group respectively.
Results show that increasing (decreasing) of energy consumption in different sectors of Iran’s economy cause to increase (decrease) in value added growth, so we accept Feedback hypothesis in this study because of existence of bidirectional relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in sectors of Iran economy. Energy price impact on economic growth in short run is negative but in long run is positive
مقالات پژوهشی
hasan rezaee; mostafa salimifar
Abstract
Development of financial markets as an important factor in the economic growth process always has been of interest to economists. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between regional financial development and economic growth. This study uses provincial annual data over the period 2000-2011 ...
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Development of financial markets as an important factor in the economic growth process always has been of interest to economists. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between regional financial development and economic growth. This study uses provincial annual data over the period 2000-2011 by using panel data technique. The panel co integration techniques have been used to test and estimate the long-run equilibrium relationship between real GDP and the financial development indicators.
The results show that long-run positive relationship exists between the variables of insurance, banking and stock with economic growth. There is no Short- run causality from stock market to banking sector, But there is bidirectional causality between other variables in the short run and long run. In the long-run, volatility of GDP mainly described by the Impulse of GDP (59.7%), stock (29.74%) and little amount (0.5%) by bank ing development.
مقالات پژوهشی
Farzaneh Ahmadian Yazdi; Mohammad Hossein Mahdavi Adeli
Abstract
Human capital (labor quality or knowledge embedded in human beings) is one the important issues in recent decade, because concentrating on this kind of capital can improve products and can make economic growth and development. This study has been investigated effective factors on human capital, emphasis ...
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Human capital (labor quality or knowledge embedded in human beings) is one the important issues in recent decade, because concentrating on this kind of capital can improve products and can make economic growth and development. This study has been investigated effective factors on human capital, emphasis on resource abundance for OPEC countries in period 2000-2012. To achieve that object, Arturo human capital’s model has been utilized; also according to economic nature of these countries, oil rent variable has been added to this model. For estimating coefficients, panel data method has been used. Based on results, resource abundance has negative effect on human capital accumulation, thus the coefficient is equal to -0.11. There for the more oil rent will lower the economic growth in these countries. Also based on results, the relationship between life expectation and economic growth and human capital is positive and the coefficients are 1.84 and 0.26. In addition to those results, population growth has negative effect on human capital accumulation; its coefficient is equal to -0.08. So population growth policies can’t be suitable for OPEC countries because such policies can’t improve human capital in such countries.
مقالات پژوهشی
sadegh bafandeh imandoust; ali mofidy
Abstract
Undobtedly, the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has affected the country’s economic and social interactions. The Networked Readiness Index (NRI) comprising four subindexes that measure the enviroment for ICT’s, the readiness of a society to use ICT’s, the actual usage of all main ...
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Undobtedly, the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has affected the country’s economic and social interactions. The Networked Readiness Index (NRI) comprising four subindexes that measure the enviroment for ICT’s, the readiness of a society to use ICT’s, the actual usage of all main stakholders (Individual, Business and Government), and finally, the impacts that ICT’s generate in the economy and in the society, the three first subindexes can be regarded as the driver that establish the conditions for the results of the fourth subindexes, ICT impacts. These four subindexes are divided into 10 pillars composed of 54 individual indicators in total. Therefore, in this paper, the effect of Networked Readiness Index (NRI) on economic growth has been studied. To this end, panel data of 77 countries collected in the period 2007 to 2012, and the model is estimated by Generalized Method of Moments(GMM). The model estmation results show that the NRI score has positive and significant effects on GDP per capita growth in developed countries and this amount is equal 0.202848. This effect is positive and non significantin developing countries.
مقالات پژوهشی
Hassan Heidari; Roghayyeh Alinezhad
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of the government effectiveness and financial development indices on economic growth in D-8 countries over the period 1996-2012, by applying the Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model. For this purpose, we use Non-Linear Least Squares (NLS) method for estimation ...
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This study investigates the effects of the government effectiveness and financial development indices on economic growth in D-8 countries over the period 1996-2012, by applying the Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model. For this purpose, we use Non-Linear Least Squares (NLS) method for estimation of model. The estimation results reject the linearity hypothesis, and estimate two regimes that give a threshold at government effectiveness of 0.192 for the countries under investigation. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the positive impact of government effectiveness and financial development indices on economic growth increases in high levels of calculated threshold for government effectiveness. The results also indicate education expenditure and openness index have a positive impact in both regimes, agricultural raw materials exports variable has a negative impact in first regime and positive impact in the second regime and inflation rate has a negative impact in both regimes on economic growth. Hence, improvement of government effectiveness and financial development and an efficient administrative system as well as efficient financial markets and banks in the D-8 countries lead to an increase in the economic growth and development.
مقالات پژوهشی
shahram fattahi; Khalil Attar
Abstract
Confirmation of convergence hypothesis among provinces, its role in removing divergence among regions and achieving regional convergence is one of the important issues in macroeconomics. The aim of the present study is to examine ...
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Confirmation of convergence hypothesis among provinces, its role in removing divergence among regions and achieving regional convergence is one of the important issues in macroeconomics. The aim of the present study is to examine absolute and conditional income convergence hypotheses among Iranian provinces during the period 2000-2010 using panel data. The hypotheses are tested for the whole provinces, ten- province group with high per capita income, ten- province group with middle per capita income, and ten- province group with low per capita income. The results indicated that the both hypotheses of absolute and conditional income convergence in the whole provinces and the all groups are confirmed. To examine the conditional convergence, the explanatory variables the number of employed people, the index of capital stock, and the degree of industrialization were used, implying that the variable degree of industrialization is statistically significant in whole provinces and ten- province group with high per capita income.
مقالات پژوهشی
younes goli; younes goli; hosain goli
Abstract
This study examins effects of trade liberalization on the wage inequality between urban and rural labor by utilizing the data of micro-level Households’ Income and Expenditures surveys and trade statistics over 2001-2011. The analysis is carried based on the Heckscher–Ohlin’s theory in international ...
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This study examins effects of trade liberalization on the wage inequality between urban and rural labor by utilizing the data of micro-level Households’ Income and Expenditures surveys and trade statistics over 2001-2011. The analysis is carried based on the Heckscher–Ohlin’s theory in international trade and Baker’s taste discrimination theory at firms. We use Quantile regression and ordinary least squares (OLS) to consider the wage discrimination across entire distribution wage and at wages mean as well. The results of Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition approach (inequality at mean wage), indicate that over the aforementioned period wage gap and discrimination has decreased. Unexplained portion of the wage gap (wage discrimination) is low relative to the unexplained wage gap implies that the effectiveness. But estimates show that in rural sector the share of final consumer goods in imports is relatively high and urban sectors share of capital goods imports is relatively high. Thus, trade liberalization increases the wage gap
مقالات پژوهشی
Mansour Khalili Araghi; sajjad barkhordari
Abstract
Abstract
Governments in regional and national level try to improve economic and productivity growth by different polices. The being aware of effective factors in national and regional economic and productivity growth is essential for government success. In this paper, to being of aware determinant factors ...
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Abstract
Governments in regional and national level try to improve economic and productivity growth by different polices. The being aware of effective factors in national and regional economic and productivity growth is essential for government success. In this paper, to being of aware determinant factors in productivity inequality, we use decomposition approach and econometric estimation for 20 provinces in 2001-2006 (1380-1385). The results in panel data and fixed effects framework show that the public government expenditure and structure of production has had determinant role in improving of total productivity, while, the human capital and investment government expenditure that improve production, has had improving role. Also, the results verify that total productivity in Iranian regions/provinces had been exogenous and endogenous variables had been had small share in total productivity in Iranian regions/provinces, and the role of economic structure in provinces ranking is thinkable.
مقالات پژوهشی
Abolfazl Shahabadi; Mahsa. Ganji
Abstract
One strategy for economic development is Achieve desired economic freedom. Several factors have an impact on the economic freedom index, Therefore, it seems achieve to favorable economic freedom depends on an accurate understanding of the determinants and factors affecting economic freedom. The index ...
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One strategy for economic development is Achieve desired economic freedom. Several factors have an impact on the economic freedom index, Therefore, it seems achieve to favorable economic freedom depends on an accurate understanding of the determinants and factors affecting economic freedom. The index published in economic freedom of the world measures the degree to which the policies and institutions of countries are supportive of economic freedom. The cornerstones of economic freedom are personal choice, voluntary exchange, freedom to compete, and security of privately owned property. Forty-two variables are used to construct a summary index and to measure the degree of economic freedom in five broad areas: Size of government; legal system and property rights, sound money, freedom to trade internationally, regulation. The cornerstones of economic freedom are (1) personal choice, (2) voluntary exchange coordinated by markets, (3) freedom to enter and compete in markets, and (4) protection of persons and their property from aggression by others. Economic freedom is present when individuals are permitted to choose for themselves and engage in voluntary transactions as long as they do not harm the person or property of others. While individuals have a right to their own time, talents, and resources, they do not have a right to those of others. Thus, individuals do not have a right to take things from others or demand that others provide things for them. The use of violence, theft, fraud, and physical invasions are not permissible in an economically free society, but otherwise, individuals are free to choose, trade, and cooperate with others, and compete as they see fit. To a large degree, the EFW measure is an effort to identify how closely the institutions and policies of a country correspond with the ideal of a limited government, where the government protects property rights and arranges for the provision of a limited set of “public goods” such as national defense and access to money of sound value, but little beyond these core functions. In order to receive a high EFW rating, a country must provide secure protection of privately owned property, even-handed enforcement of contracts, and a stable monetary environment. It also must keep taxes low, refrain from creating barriers to both domestic and international trade, and rely more fully on markets rather than government spending and regulation to allocate goods and resources. In many ways, a country’s EFW summary rating is a measure of how closely its institutions and policies compare with the idealized structure implied by standard textbook analysis of microeconomics. Improvement in Economic Freedom closely related to institutional indicators performance such as Good Governance index. So the aim of this study is an analysis of the Economic Freedom index and examines the impact of good governance on economic freedom index in MENA countries over the period 1996-2010 using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.
Theoretical frame work
The EFW’s annual reports emphasize the fact that the world’s richest countries are also its most liberal ones. This relationship is presented as a reason for encouraging developing countries to liberalize. The basic idea underlying this prescription is that poor countries can become wealthy by emulating rich ones, a contestable proposition that has been criticized by many scholars. Conceptually, economic freedom covers a wide range of economic indicators, so obviously many factors are involved to improve or weaken the index of economic freedom. Index of economic freedom is not only influenced their components, but on the other hand, strongly influenced by other institutional components as good governance index. Improving good governance index affects economic environment through various means such as political stability, increase government efficiency, curb inflation. Improving good governance indicators also will improve the economic freedom index as regulation, legal structure, property rights and market regulation recovery.
Methodology
In this study we have used factor analysis method. The purpose of exploratory factor analysis is to reduce a larger set of variables into a smaller range of factors denoting common underlying concepts. With complete-linkage hierarchical cluster analysis, MENA countries are divided into the same category in accordance with farthest euclidian (L2) distances between groups. Factor Analysis, includes exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis is approach to reduce variables and identify the factors that are not empirically. Confirmatory factor analysis confirms or denies grouping data.
Results & Discussion
The analysis shows that economic freedom index is heavily influenced by the good governance index to the extent that legal system and property rights index is one of the indicators of economic freedom, is more closely associated with the good governance. A wide range of legal system and property rights index is defined by good governance indicators. The relationship between economic freedom index and the index of good governance is also confirmed.
Conclusions & Suggestions
Economic freedom and good governance are strongly connected. This means that indicators of good governance to pave the way to improve the economic freedom index. So the policy recommendations for policy makers that systematic review of institutional indicators is essential to improve economic outcomes. Good governance should considering as a prerequisite for improving other macroeconomic indicators. Resolve conflict and rectify the institutional indicators like economic freedom and good governance approved in developing countries.
Keywords: Economic Freedom, Good Governance, Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, MENA Region
JEL Classification: P16, O11, H11
