Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Volume 31 (2024)

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Volume 30 (2023)

Volume 29 (2022)

Volume 28 (2021)

Volume 27 (2020)

Volume 26 (2019)

Volume 25 (2018)

Volume 24 (2017)

Volume 23 (2017)

Volume 22 (2016)

Volume 21 (2015)

Volume 20 (2014)

Volume 19 (2013)

Volume 18 (2011)

The scientific journal " Journal of economics and regional development" has been published as a biannual publication since 1390 (2011) in collaboration with the Scientific Association of Regional Development Economics of Iran, with Ferdowsi University of Mashhad as its owner.

In this journal, research articles in Persian, accompanied by extended abstracts in English, are eligible for review and publication.

Original Article Public sector economics

Investigation of the private sector response efficiency to the economic-political changes of Iran's public sector in the areas of population growth rate change, migration and capital flight

meisam taheryan; mahdi khodaparast mashhadi; masoud homayounifar

Volume 31, ******** , June 2023, Pages 35-61

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.84840.1206

Abstract

In this paper, the efficiency of the private sector response to the economic-political changes of Iran's public sector in the areas of immigration, capital flight and population growth rate change has been investigated, during the forty-four years after the Islamic Revolution. For this purpose, the private ... Read More

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Original Article

Regional Input-Output Table (RIOTs) with FLQ formula and Using Value Added Statistical Vector (Case Study of North Khorasan Province)

Nasrin Omidi; Hadi Qavami; Mahmood Hoshmand; Mostafa Salimifar

Volume 31, ******** , June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2022.68834.1013

Abstract

The present paper has two main purposes. The first purpose is to investigate the possibility of using the FLQ method (to calculate the interindustry transactions matrix) at the same time with the use of regional statistical accounts of the country (to calculate the rest of sectors of the regional input-output ... Read More The present paper has two main purposes. The first purpose is to investigate the possibility of using the FLQ method (to calculate the interindustry transactions matrix) at the same time with the use of regional statistical accounts of the country (to calculate the rest of sectors of the regional input-output tables). The second goal is to calculate input-output table of North Khorasan province based on it, because this province, with a very low degree of development, is in the group with the first priority of the country planning. For this purpose, the national input-output table (2016) of the Central Bank of Iran has been separated by imports and the regional accounts of the same year of the Statistics Center of Iran have been used as the basis for calculations. For this purpose, the computational method used in the article of Banuoei et al. (2017) was examined. The present paper presents a new proposed method for calculating the regional data-output table using the FLQ method, so that it is fully consistent with the regional accounts of the country and the column balance of the table is maintained. In this method, not only the regional value added vector is statistically included in the table, but also the statistical vector of intermediate consumption of the region is used. The results of the paper also show that the method for calculating the intermediate import vector is introduced in that paper; first, it has neglected to interpret the trading coefficient, second, leads to the elimination of the spatial dimensions of the region in the region intermediate consumption vector. This claim was investigated for North Khorasan province. Findings indicate that the regional intermediate consumption vector of the province in this method can be obtained directly by using the matrix of national national input-output coefficients without the intervention of the FLQ matrix, which shows the ineffectiveness of the spatial economic dimensions of the region in the calculations.The first scenario is defined according to the interpretation of the coefficients and the relationship between them. This scenario solves both the problem of elimination of the spatial dimensions and the inattention to the interpretation of the coefficients. The second scenario is defined as the difference between the input-output coefficients of the region and the domestic input-output coefficients of the region. This scenario solves only the first problem. By comparing the errors of intermediate consumption of North Khorasan province resulting from them, the first scenario is suggested due to less statistical errors.

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Original Article Regional Economics

Prioritizing and estimating the trade of Iran's provinces using the multi-regonal input-output table and the Entropy-Taspis method

shahrbanoo bagheri; Mortaza Baky-Haskuee

Volume 31, ******** , June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.82021.1179

Abstract

Understanding the economic interactions of regions with other regions and countries and identifying their capacities are essential for the economic development of regions. Therefore, this study Prioritizing and estimating the trade of Iran's provinces using the multi-regonal input-output table and the ... Read More

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Original Article Regional Economics

Criticism of Land-use planning documents (national and provincial) From the perspective of Article 48 of the Constitution

Masoud Ahmadi; Ayat Molaee

Volume 31, ******** , June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.85493.1214

Abstract

The realization of economic justice in different economic systems depends on the macro-economic structures of that system, which is the result of the level of concern of thelegislators of the constitution and ordinary laws to it.Article 48 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran deals with ... Read More

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Original Article Regional Urban Economy

Analyzing the Effects of Free Zones on the urban growth from the perspective of Local Communities, Case Study: Makou Free Zone

Naser Barakpour; Arash Sadeghian

Volume 31, ******** , June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.86563.1221

Abstract

AbstractIn recent decades, free trade zones have rapidly emerged in developing countries such as Iran. The primary objective behind establishing these zones has been economic progress at the regional or national levels, with less attention paid to the development of local communities. Existing experiences ... Read More

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Original Article Growth and development economics

The role of local development offices on women's social empowerment In order to develop the monitoring and evaluation culture

Maryam Arjomand; Fatemeh Sadrnabavi

Volume 31, ******** , June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.87601.1229

Abstract

The current research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the role of local development offices on the social empowerment of women in order to develop the culture of monitoring and evaluation. Descriptive research is analytical, and it was done by survey method. The statistical population of women ... Read More

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Original Article International Economics

Balance of payment shocks on the economic growth of Middle Eastern countries: Evidence from a global vector auto regression approach (GVAR)

mehdi shirafkan lamsso; yaser sistani badooei; Zubaidah Baloci

Volume 31, ******** , June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.82807.1185

Abstract

One of the basic priorities of countries is Achieving high economic growth So that the country's balance of payments is one of the influencing factors. Therefore, One of the goals of macroeconomics is to establish internal and external balance. The meaning of internal balance, Equilibrium at the production ... Read More

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Ranking of Developing Countries based on the Well being Index

homayoun shirazi; karim Azarbaiejani; mir hadi hoseini; sara mardiha

Volume 21, Issue 7 , January 2015

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.v21i7.17399

Abstract

Well being as a multidimensional concept has been noticed by many economists and politicians in recent years. In most studies, only the combination of non-economic indicators have been used in order to measure well being while constructing the indicator that includes all geographic, economic and human ... Read More

Macroeconomics

Investigation of the Effect of Innovation Spillover on Economic Growth

Hadi Keshavarz; Ramezan Hosseinzadeh

Volume 30, Issue 26 , February 2024, , Pages 30-57

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2023.80375.1159

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTION Investigation of the importance and the impact of various factors on the economic growth of countries is crucial in short-term and long-term planning in various countries. Traditional theories and models of economic development only consider capital and labor as economic growth ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTION Investigation of the importance and the impact of various factors on the economic growth of countries is crucial in short-term and long-term planning in various countries. Traditional theories and models of economic development only consider capital and labor as economic growth factors for nations and regions. Today, economists consider innovation, along with knowledge and technology, to be one of the fundamental variables in the economic development and development of countries. Knowledge and innovation can generate social welfare in diverse regions and countries and contribute to achieving sustainable economic growth. In this regard, it is crucial to note that the path of innovation development varies across regions and countries, and that a distinct innovative geography is created based on these differences. The issue of inter-regional or inter-country spillover effects of various variables, such as innovation spillovers, is a second crucial aspect of economic growth and development planning in different regions or countries. Thus, innovation can impact both the economic development of the innovating country and the economic growth of neighboring countries with trade linkages to that country. Examination the spatial dimension of the problem will be crucial for determining how spillovers occur and their effectiveness in the innovation process as well as economic growth and development, whereas excluding inter-regional (inter-country) effects will bias the results and misleading results. On the other hand, considering the inter-regional (inter-country) effects of innovation and other variables in the model can help in the planning of regional development in different countries. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK According to new theories, there are four distinct categories of innovation: product innovation, process innovation, organizational innovation, and marketing innovation. There is substantial evidence that various categories of innovation have distinct economic effects in countries. These differences are primarily attributable to variations in the level of pertinent externalities (spillovers) and the capacity of innovators to internalize the public benefits of these activities (fit). Thus, innovative knowledge penetrates the production process in two different ways. The first instance is when a company utilizes new technical knowledge developed during the production process. The second consequence is the spillovers of such knowledge. However, knowledge diffusion in other innovation institutions can only be observed once innovation and technology have reached a certain level. The concept of knowledge spillover is closely associated with the correlation effect, where in the recipient of an innovation assimilates it to facilitate economic advancement. The spillover effect has the potential to yield beneficial outcomes by fostering innovation and facilitating economic progress, but it can also have negative consequences. The adverse impact of knowledge spillover primarily arises from external circumstances, as well as the inherent uncertainties and risks associated with research and development endeavors. Consequently, the inability of spillovers to fully realize the benefits of their research and development endeavors diminishes enterprises' motivation to allocate resources towards innovation. The positive impact of knowledge spillover is directed towards individuals or organizations that possess absorptive potential, enabling them to effectively assimilate and utilize sophisticated information and technology. 3- METHODOLOGY The primary objective of the present study is to examine the direct and spillover effects of innovation on economic growth within the D8 group of countries during 2012 -2021. This investigation will be conducted through the utilization of a spatial econometric model. Spatial econometrics is widely regarded as a major development in the field of estimation, having emerged alongside the introduction of the "New Economic Geography (NEG)" theory. This technique is associated with the research conducted by Krugman (1991), Fujita, Krugman, and Venable (2001), as well as Venables and Puga (1998). The econometric models under consideration has the capability to incorporate both spillover and indirect impacts of variables, in addition to the direct effects that are typically addressed in classic econometrics. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION Based on the results of the model, the direct effect of innovation index on economic growth has been positive and significant. Also, the indirect effects of this variable have been positive and significant. Therefore, it can be said that the amount of innovation in the studied countries has both domestic and international spillover effects (through the establishment of trade relations) on the economic growth of the countries. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS Based on this, it is suggested that the studied countries pay special attention to the issue of innovation. Provide the necessary incentives to strengthen innovation in these countries, such as paying special attention to patents. Because having a patent is one of the motivating factors for innovation and further to achieve new technologies. This can be the basis for creating new processes in production, inventing new methods in countries. Paying attention to the spillover and indirect effects of innovation can also be very important. Based on this, it can be suggested that countries should pay attention to the fact that they prioritize the trade of goods with more knowledge (accumulation of knowledge and its transfer) in order to benefit more from the spillover effects of innovation. The higher the trade and especially the import of goods with knowledge and innovation, the countries can use the knowledge and innovation stored in these goods to strengthen knowledge and innovation within the country and economic growth will be strengthened.

Measuring the Impact of Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) on Economic Growth in Selected Developed and Developing Countries

sadegh bafandeh imandoust; ali mofidi

Volume 23, Issue 12 , August 2017, , Pages 65-95

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.v23i12.57262

Abstract

The GCI combines 113 indicators. These indicators are grouped into 12 pillars: institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, health and primary education, higher education and training, good market efficiency, labor market efficiency, financial market development, technological readiness, ... Read More The GCI combines 113 indicators. These indicators are grouped into 12 pillars: institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, health and primary education, higher education and training, good market efficiency, labor market efficiency, financial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication and innovation. These are in turn organized into three sub-indexes, in line with three main stages of development; basic requirements, efficiency enhancers and innovation and sophistication factors. In this paper, the effect of global competitiveness index (GCI) on economic growth has been studied. To this end, panel data of 42 countries collected in the period 2010 to 2014, and the model is estimated. The model estimation results show that the GCI score has positive and significant effects on GDP per capita growth among selected developed and developing countries. Methodology Competitiveness is defined as the set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity of a country. Many determinants drive productivity and competitiveness. Understanding the factors behind this process has occupied the minds of economists for hundreds of years, engendering theories ranging from Adam Smith’s focus on specialization and the division of labor to neoclassical economists’ emphasis on investment in physical capital and infrastructure and, more recently, to interest in other mechanisms such as education and training, technological progress, macroeconomic stability, good governance, firm sophistication, and market efficiency among others. While all of these factors are likely to be important for competitiveness and growth. In economic theory of stages of development, the GCI assumes that, in the first stage, the economy is factor-driven and countries compete based on their factor endowments— primarily unskilled labor and natural resources. Companies compete on the basis of price and sell basic products or commodities, with their low productivity reflected in low wages. Maintaining competitiveness at this stage of development hinges primarily on well-functioning public and private institutions (pillar 1), a well-developed infrastructure (pillar 2), a stable macroeconomic environment (pillar 3), and a healthy workforce that has received at least a basic education (pillar 4). As a country becomes more competitive, productivity will increase and wages will rise with advancing development. Countries will then move into the efficiency-driven stage of development, when they must begin to develop more efficient production processes and increase product quality because wages have risen and they cannot increase prices. At this point, competitiveness is increasingly driven by higher education and training (pillar 5), efficient goods markets (pillar 6), well-functioning labor markets (pillar 7), developed financial markets (pillar 8), the ability to harness the benefits of existing technologies (pillar 9), and a large domestic or foreign market (pillar 10). Finally, as countries move into the innovation-driven stage, wages will have risen by so much that they are able to sustain those higher wages and the associated standard of living only if their businesses are able to compete with new and unique products. At this stage, companies must compete by producing new and different goods using the most sophisticated production processes (pillar 11) and by innovating new ones (pillar12). The Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) has been used by the World Economic Forum to assess the level of productivity of an economy. Hall and Jones (1996) have shown that around 89 percent of the variation in GDP per capita is due to variation in the level of productivity. As a result, GDP per capita can be used as a proxy for the level of productivity of a country. The regress of the log level of GDP per capita on the GCI score reveals that about two-thirds of the variation in GDP per capita can be explained by the GCI. However, estimating a bivariate relation between the growth rate and the GCI would be a mistake. The reason for that lies in what economists call the “conditional convergence effect”, which posits that, all other things being equal, there is a natural tendency for poor economies to grow faster—a phenomenon known as conditional convergence. In other words, if all countries had the same investment and population growth rates and the same levels of productivity, then we should observe poor countries growing faster than rich ones. Conversely, if all countries had the same level of income, then those that were more competitive would experience higher rates of long-term economic growth. In reality, however, countries differ both in their levels of income and their levels of productivity, and therefore it is very hard to predict the relationship between the growth rate and the level of productivity with a bivariate correlation analysis that includes the initial level of income. Formally, in a growth convergence equation, the growth rate of GDP per capita of country is a positive function of the GCI score and a negative function of GDP per capita. Results and Discussion The model estimation results show that the GCI score has positive and significant effects on GDP per capita growth among selected developed countries and a %10 increase in a country’s GCI score would lead to an increase in the economic growth by 17.32588 percentage points. This amount is 15.49522 for selected developing and emerging countries. Results of this paper show that “net growth rate” against the GCI score, revealing a positive and strong correlation, which is consistent with the view that the GCI is a good proxy for the level of productivity or competitiveness of an economy.

Investigating the Interaction of Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth with Emphasis on Institutional Quality in OECD and OPEC Countries: Application of Simultaneous Equation Model in Panel Data

Hossein Mohammadi; Alireza Sani Heidary

Volume 27, Issue 19 , June 2020, , Pages 49-82

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2020.39490

Abstract

Expended Abstract: Introduction In the last decades, economic growth is one of the important issues among researchers because economic growth rate is one of the important factors in investigating the performance of different countries' economic policies. So, an investigation of influencing ... Read More Expended Abstract: Introduction In the last decades, economic growth is one of the important issues among researchers because economic growth rate is one of the important factors in investigating the performance of different countries' economic policies. So, an investigation of influencing factors on economic growth is necessary. Entrepreneurship can significantly impact economic growth by creating innovation, design, diversity of product production, and increasing the efficiency and competition of firms, and also higher economic growth will also increase the incentive of innovation and knowledge for entrepreneurs. Also, countries that are on the path to economic growth lead to motivating entrepreneurs innovation and knowledge. As a result, economic growth can affect creating entrepreneurship. Therefore, economic growth and entrepreneurship are recognized as two essential components in economic. In recent economic theories, institutional factors are influential in assessing the relationship between economic growth and entrepreneurship. Therefore, this research seeks to investigate the interaction effects between entrepreneurship and economic growth, emphasizing the quality of institutional factors using the simultaneous equation model and panel data for the OECD and OPEC in the 2000-2016 periods. Theoretical Framework Entrepreneurship is a purposeful activity to create, maintain, and develop profitable businesses. These entrepreneurial activities can be considered three sections: 1) Total entrepreneurial activities; 2) Opportunity for entrepreneurial activities; 3) The need for entrepreneurial activities. The combination of these three components creates a new index called global entrepreneurship. From the perspective of the institutionalism approach, the environment shaping the economy affects entrepreneurship dynamics within each country. This environment is known through interdependencies between growth, economic development, and institutions. Entrepreneurs are the main perpetrators of change that react to unplanned stimuli within the institutional framework. Methodology The present study seeks to assess the interactions between entrepreneurship and economic growth and its relation with institutional quality using the simultaneous equation approach in panel data for two groups of OECD and OPEC countries during the period 2000-2016. The two groups of OECD and OPEC countries differ significantly in terms of economic structure. So the results may be different for them. The selection of these two groups of countries can help obtain actual results of the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth and the role of institutional quality on them. Many studies have shown that there are two-way feedback effects between economic growth and entrepreneurship. This feedback on both sides leads to the bias results in the traditional regression. Therefore, in such cases, the system of simultaneous equations is used. In this research, instrumental variables (IV) and generalized method of moments (GMM) methods are used to estimate the equations. The explanatory variables for the economic growth equation are entrepreneurial index, institutional quality index, life expectancy, total government expenditures, fixed capital formation, and labor force growth. The explanatory variables for the entrepreneurship index equation are economic growth, the number of formal stages of starting a business, trust in ability and skill, and institutional quality index. Results and Discussion The results indicate that the variables of economic growth and entrepreneurship have a positive and significant effect on each other, and also the institutional quality variable also has a positive effect on the relationship between the two components. Also, for the OECD countries, the variables of life expectancy, the growth rate of fixed capital formation, and the labor productivity growth have a positive effect, and the total government expenditures hurt economic growth. For the OPEC countries, labor force growth has a positive effect, and total government expenditure has a negative effect on economic growth. Conclusion and Suggestions This research seeks to assess the interaction between entrepreneurship and economic growth with an emphasis on institutional quality. Based on the empirical findings, economic growth and entrepreneurship variables have a positive and significant effect on each other, and the institutional quality variable also has a positive effect on the relationship between the two components. According to the results, encouraging entrepreneurship, the growth of the real private sector in the economy, and the reduction of business start-ups to increase economic growth are recommended.

Urban Economy

The impact of urban development taxes on private sector investment in housing; A case study of Tehran city

Zarir Negintaji; Seyyed Ataollah Sinaee

Volume 30, Issue 26 , February 2024, , Pages 1-29

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2023.82454.1182

Abstract

1- INTRODUCTION Today, the issue of providing financial resources is important for municipalities all over the world, including Iran. These sources of income are influenced by macroeconomic conditions. This means that, in the economic recession, they decrease and city ... Read More 1- INTRODUCTION Today, the issue of providing financial resources is important for municipalities all over the world, including Iran. These sources of income are influenced by macroeconomic conditions. This means that, in the economic recession, they decrease and city managers can not fulfill their duties. The financing methods required by municipalities in all parts of the world are direct sale of services, local taxes, use of government aid and issuance of bonds. But, the importance of these sources of revenue is different for big and even small cities in Iran. That is, the share of these resources from the total revenue of municipalities in a city like Tehran is low, and about 60-70% of the revenue sources of municipalities are related to housing. This dependence of the income of municipalities on their housing sector has become a serious challenge, because in times of recession in the housing sector, the income of municipalities decreases. Therefore, during the past decades, Tehran Municipality provides a discount for urban development fees during the recession. Now, the basic question of this study is that the urbaning permit fee have an effect on the private sector's investment in housing in Tehran. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The theoretical analysis of investment in the housing sector is based on conventional investment theories in macroeconomics. Two important investment theories are discussed: the theory of the principle of acceleration (which itself is divided into two models of fixed acceleration and flexible acceleration model) related to the classics and the final efficiency theory of investment related to John Maynard Keynes. Acceleration pattern theory is based on the concept that changes in sales or income cause an increase in total investment. But Keynes believed that the amount of investment depends on the final efficiency of capital and interest rate. The relationship between investment and capital efficiency and interest rate is inverse. Both theories are used in this study. 3- METHODOLOGY In this study, an attempt is made to investigate the impact of urban development complications (permit issuance complications) on private sector investment in Tehran city housing. To do this, the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) was used, and the data obtained from the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the statistics of the Tehran municipality for the years 2010-2018. In this model, the dependent variable is influenced by the lag of the dependent variable itself and other independent variables. It should be noted that in order to investigate the long-term and short-term relationships between the dependent variable and other explanatory variables, collective methods such as the Engel-Granger method and ECM error correction models have been used. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION The long-term model estimation results show that the coefficients of two macro-economic variables, i.e. GDP and liquidity, are positive and significant. The interest rate of bank deposits has a negative effect (according to common theories), but it is insignificant. The price of coins, as a competitor for housing, has a negative and significant effect, which is consistent with the initial expectation as well as previous studies. The total index of Tehran Stock Exchange has a positive and significant relationship with investment in the housing sector. Finally, the building permit fee do not have a significant impact on private sector investment. This shows that the reduction of building permit fee does not affect the motivation of private sector investors in Tehran housing in the long term. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS The long-term pattern shows that building permit fees do not have a significant effect on private sector investment in Tehran housing. This means that the discount in building permit fees may create sources of revenue for Tehran Municipality in the short term, but it has no effect in the long term. Other results of this model have shown that Tehran, macroeconomic variables such as GDP, liquidity and stock market index have a positive and significant effect on private sector investment in Tehran city housing. This means that the growth of national production will cause the growth of all economic sectors, including housing, and this will provide the necessary ground for the development of investment for the private sector. In addition, the increase in liquidity allows more resources to be transferred to the housing sector. Also, considering the large number of large construction companies in the stock market and providing financial resources from this market, the growth of the market has a positive and significant effect on investment in the housing sector of Tehran. The interest rate of bank deposits also has a negative but insignificant effect on investment in the housing sector, which can be caused by the high inflation in Iran's economy. Finally, coin price has a negative relationship with housing investment. Therefore, according to our results, it is suggested that Tehran Municipality stop applying discounts on urbaning permit fees and seek to identify sources of revenue and new methods of financing or use the items such as renovation fees, waste, business and trade, advertising boards and instruments available in the financial markets.

Original Article Regional Economics

The effect of macroeconomic variables on exchange rates in developed, developing and less developed countries

amirreza soori; fatemeh panahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.88686.1242

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the impact of macroeconomic changes on the value of currency in developed, developing and less developed countries. The data used are quarterly panel data for the period 1996 to 2022, which are presented using the Sticky Price Monetary Model (SPMM) ... Read More The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the impact of macroeconomic changes on the value of currency in developed, developing and less developed countries. The data used are quarterly panel data for the period 1996 to 2022, which are presented using the Sticky Price Monetary Model (SPMM) method. The results of this study showed that there is a negative relationship between the exchange rate and the gross domestic product (GDP) in all the investigated groups. This means that increases typically lead to lower GDP, which can lead to higher prices and lower purchasing power. On the other hand, the results show that the relationship between the exchange rate and inflation (IN) and liquidity (M2) is positive in all groups, which indicates that it increases the exchange rate and increases prices and liquidity in the economy. This is especially the case in less developed countries, which may be affected by exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, the research results showed that in the short term, the relationship between the exchange rate and the rate in the developed and developing evaluation is negative, which means that the increase in the interest rate is usually localized to strengthen. On the contrary, in the least developed, in the short term, there is a positive relationship between the assessment of the desire and the amount of attention given to specific economic reasons and existing shortages. These results indicate the importance of paying attention to the structural differences between countries and the need for policies based on the economic conditions of each country. In this study, the Granger causality test was used for the long-term study between the exchange rate and economic changes and the interest rate. The results of the research indicate a long-term convergence between exchange rates and economic growth and interest rates. Greater economic growth increases income and stability in the production and service sector and ultimately lowers the exchange rate. On the other hand, the ratio between currency evaluation and evaluation is also negative in the long run for all the groups under investigation. Because the increase in interest in the long term may cause a decrease in capital or the attraction of foreign capital, which ultimately helps to strengthen the national currency. These results have multifaceted economic policies and show that the management of exploitation and economic growth evaluation can achieve stability.

Original Article Development and planning economics

Utilizing unused urban spaces to produce solar electricity under uncertainty (using simulation with PVsyst software)

Seyyed mohammad Seyyed hosseini; Arash Dourandish; Seyyed Mahdi Mostafavi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.80484.1163

Abstract

One of the current challenges of the world is climate change and environmental pollution, which is one of the major consequences of fossil fuel consumption all over the world. To tackle this challenge, the use of renewable energies such as solar energy, especially in urban areas that have a significant ... Read More

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Original Article Growth and development economics

Investigating the effect of economic uncertainty on the shadow economy with the moderating role of banking concentration

mehdi rahimiebakhshmand; mahdi moradi; syma eskandari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.86378.1220

Abstract

Past literature has confirmed the negative effects of economic uncertainty on production, investment, and employment. However, very limited studies consider the impact of economic uncertainty and banking concentration on the informal sectors. This study examines the effects of economic uncertainty on ... Read More

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Original Article Water economy

Investigating some factors affecting the water consumption of household customers in Mashhad city

Amir Narimani; Mahindokht kazemi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.88723.1244

Abstract

Today, water shortage has become a major problem. Having clean water for human needs is one of the basic factors and is known as the factor of civilization. In this research, some of the important factors affecting the water consumption of the household customers of Mashhad city have been investigated ... Read More

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Original Article Employment

Evaluation and prioritization of the impact of the facilities granted by the state banks of Hamadan province in creating jobs for small and medium enterprises during the period (2017-2024)

Hossein Hajbabaei; Mehdi Ajalli; Majid Fosolee

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.2024.82606.1184

Abstract

Abstract The expansion and revitalization of small and medium enterprises in industrial provinces is an inevitable necessity to reduce unemployment and use the potential capacities of industrial centers. Hamedan province, like other industrial provinces, is no exception in this regard and this factor ... Read More Abstract The expansion and revitalization of small and medium enterprises in industrial provinces is an inevitable necessity to reduce unemployment and use the potential capacities of industrial centers. Hamedan province, like other industrial provinces, is no exception in this regard and this factor can be effective in the economic growth of the province. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate and prioritize the impact of facilities granted by state-owned banks on job creation of small and medium enterprises in Hamadan province during the period (2016-2021). The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study includes 68 experts and managers of state-owned banks and related executive bodies involved in the research subject. Due to the limited size of the population, the census method (all members of the community) is used as a sample. For this purpose, by reviewing the literature, background and interviews with experts of state-owned banks and related executive bodies, a conceptual model consisting of the structures of "facilities granted by state-owned banks" and "employment of small and medium enterprises" was proposed. In order to test the proposed model and hypotheses and answer the research questions, the path analysis approach and the hierarchical analysis process are used. The final result of the evaluation with this process showed that the first factor (facilities related to working capital in the industry and mining sector) with the highest weight (0.43) ranked first, the second factor (facilities related to fixed capital in the industry and mining sector) It is ranked second with weight (0.36). Also, the fourth factor (facilities related to working capital in the agricultural sector) with a weight of (0.21) is ranked last in terms of importance. Finally, scientific and practical suggestions related to the output of the research hypotheses test are presented; Issues and inadequacies in the financing of small and medium enterprises in Hamadan province will be reviewed and solutions and improvement and development proposals for financing small and medium enterprises through the banking system will be presented.