بررسی نقش متغیرهای مؤثر بر شاخص رفاه مؤسسه لگاتیوم با رویکرد لاجیت ترتیبی

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• حسین محمدی ¹
• مهدی محمودی ²

¹ فردوسی مشهد

² دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.v25i15.64435

چکیده

امروزه یکی از هدف‌های اصلی سیاست‌گذاران، ارتقای کیفیت زندگی و افزایش سطح رفاه جامعه است و یکی از شاخص‌های اصلی سنجش پیشرفت کشورها، شاخص رفاه آن کشور می‌باشد. شاخص رفاه تابعی از متغیرهای مختلفی در طول زمان است که توسط محققان و مؤسسات مختلف از جمله مؤسسه لگاتیوم ارائه گردیده است. تحقیق حاضر سعی دارد با استفاده از مدل لاجیت ترتیبی و با توجه به رتبه‌بندی کشورها توسط مؤسسه لگاتیوم به چهار گروه کشورهای با رفاه پایین، رفاه پایین‌تر از متوسط، رفاه بالاتر از متوسط و رفاه بالا، به بررسی اثرات متغیرهای موردنظر بر شاخص رفاه برای سال 2015 بپردازد. متغیر وابسته سطح رفاه کشورها است که در چهار گروه مورداشاره مطابق با تقسیم‌بندی مؤسسه لگاتیوم، برای 142 کشور ارائه شده است. متغیرهای توضیحی منتخب نیز شامل زیر شاخص‌های اقتصادی، کارآفرینی، حکومت، آموزش، سلامت و سرمایه‌های اجتماعی می‌باشد. نتایج تحقیق با توجه به تأیید شدن آزمون رگرسیون‌های موازی نشان داد که تمامی متغیرها به‌جز زیر شاخص آموزش، اثر مثبت و معنی‌داری بر شاخص رفاه دارند. همچنین مقدار اثر نهایی در زیر شاخص سلامت دارای بیشترین مقدار است و نشان می‌دهد که توجه کشورها به این زیر شاخص، جهت افزایش رفاه کلی یک جامعه از اهمیت بیشتری برخوردار است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• رفاه
• شاخص لگاتیوم
• لاجیت ترتیبی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Role of Variables Affecting the Legatum Prosperity Index Using Ordered Logit Regression approach

نویسندگان [English]

• Hossien Mohammadi ¹
• Mehdi Mahmoudi ²

¹ Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

² Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

چکیده [English]

1. Introduction
Today, one of the main goals of policymakers is to improve the quality of life and increase the level of welfare of the society. One of the main indicators of the progress of countries is its prosperity index. Prosperity is more than just the accumulation of material wealth; it is also the joy of everyday life and the prospect of an even better life in the future. This is true for individuals as well as nations. The prosperity index is a function of various variables over time that has been investigated by researchers and institutes, including the Legatum institute. The Legatum Institute exists to promote policies that create pathways from poverty to prosperity. The journey towards prosperity is therefore not just about what we contribute, but about who we become.
2. Theoretical Framework
The Legatum Prosperity Index is a framework that assesses countries on the promotion of their citizens’ flourishing, reflecting both wealth and wellbeing. It captures the richness of a truly prosperous life, moving beyond traditional macroeconomic measurements of a nation’s prosperity, which relies solely on the indicators of wealth such as average income per person (GDP per capita). This makes it an authoritative measure of human progress, offering a unique insight into how prosperity is forming and changing across the world.
The Legatum Prosperity Index offers a unique insight into how prosperity is forming and changing across the world. The Index is distinctive in that it is the only global measurement of prosperity based on both income and wellbeing. Traditionally, a nation’s prosperity has been based solely on macroeconomic indicators such as a country’s income represented either by GDP or by average income per person (GDP per capita). However, most people would agree that prosperity is more than just the accumulation of material wealth. It is also the joy of everyday life and the prospect of being able to build an even better life in the future. In recent years, governments, academics, international organizations, and businesses have increasingly moved their attention towards the indicators that measure wellbeing as a complement to GDP. Indeed, the Index not only recognizes the need for a country to promote high levels of per capita income but also advocates improvements in the subjective wellbeing of its citizens. The 2017 Legatum Prosperity Index is based on 104 different variables analyzed across 149 nations around the world. The source data includes Gallup World Poll, World Development Indicators, International Telecommunication Union, Fragile States Index, Worldwide Governance Indicators, Freedom House, World Health Organization, World Values Survey, Amnesty International, and the Centre for Systemic Peace. The 104 variables are grouped into 9 sub-indexes, which are averaged using equal weights. The 9 sub-indexes are:
Economic Quality
Business Environment
Governance
Education
Health
Safety & Security
Personal Freedom
Social Capital
Natural Environment
For example, personal freedom includes freedom of speech and religion, national tolerance for immigrants and ethnic and racial minorities. The Social Capital sub-index includes the percentage of citizens who volunteer, give to charity, help strangers, and who feel they can rely on family and friends.

3. Methodology
The present research is attempting to study the effects of different sub-indices on the overall prosperity index in 2015 using Ordered Logit Regression model. Ordered Logit models are used to estimate the relationships between an ordinal dependent variable and a set of independent variables. According to the ranking of countries by the Legatum Institute to four groups of low-welfare, lower than middle welfare, higher than middle welfare and high welfare countries, the effects of welfare sub-indices on the overall index is investigated for 142 countries. The dependent variable is the welfare state of the countries, which is classified into four main categories according to the division of the Legatum Institute and the selected explanatory variables including economic, entrepreneurship, governance, education, health and social capital indicators.
4. Results & Discussion
According to the results, we understand that all variables are significant at level of 10%, but education index is not significant. On the other hand, health and social indices at the level of 1%, entrepreneurship and government indices in level of 5% and economic sub-index are also significant at level of 10%. Therefore, due to significant and positive coefficients of these variables, it is safe to say that these variables have positive and direct effects on prosperity in every country. Therefore, increasing independent significant variables would increase possibility countries to higher levels of prosperity and income.

5. Conclusions & Suggestions
According to the confirmation of the parallel regression test, the results show that all variables except the education index have a positive and significant effect on the overall prosperity index. In addition, the amount of marginal effect for health index is the highest and shows that the attention of countries to this sub-indicator is more important in terms of increasing the general prosperity of a country.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• prosperity
• Legatum Institute
• ordered logit

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