بررسی تاثیر شاخص پیچیدگی اقتصادی بر رشد اقتصادی در 42 کشور برتر در تولید علم

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• سید مهدی پژم ¹
• مصطفی سلیمی فر ²

¹ دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، پردیس بین الملل

² فردوسی مشهد

https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.v22i10.41690

چکیده

رشد و توسعه اقتصادی همواره از اهداف اصلی سیاست‌گذاران اقتصادی بوده است و آنها همواره به دنبال یافتن عواملی بوده‌اند که موجب تسریع در رشد اقتصادی شود. در این زمینه نظریهها و تئوری‌های مختلفی وجود دارد که هرکدام به یکسری از عوامل موثر بر رشد اقتصادی می‌پردازند. به‌طوریکه درنظریه‌های اولیه رشد، به دو عامل سرمایه فیزیکی و نیروی کار به عنوان عوامل بهبود دهنده رشد اقتصادی تاکید داشتند. اما این نظریات در توضیح تفاوت‌های سطح درآمد سرانه و میزان رشد اقتصادی کشورها توفیق چندانی نداشته لذا موجب شد به برخی عوامل سرمایه ای موثر و ظاهرا غیرمحسوس در مقوله رشد، توجه شود. ظهور اقتصاد دانش محور در ادبیات اقتصادی، حاصل این منظر جدید به مقوله رشد و توسعه است. به‌طوریکه در اقتصاد معاصر از دانش به‌عنوان عامل اصلی تولید یاد می‌شود. برای اندازه‌گیری میزان دانش به‌کار رفته در تولیدات یک کشور شاخص‌های مختلفی وجود دارد که یکی از این شاخص‌ها، شاخص پیچیدگی اقتصادی می‌باشد. این مقاله در نظر دارد تاثیر این متغیر را بر رشد اقتصادی مورد بررسی قرار دهد. برای این منظور با به کارگیری اقتصاد سنجی داده های پانلی 42 کشور منتخب (42 کشور برتر در تولید علم )، در یک دوره 17 ساله (2012-1996)، اقدام به برآورد و آزمون مدل رشد ارایه شده در تحقیق نموده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان دهنده نامناسب بودن استفاده از داده های پانلی در برآورد مدل این تحقیق، و البته تاثیر معنی دار و مثبت این متغیر بر رشد اقتصادی در برآورد مدل براساس داده های مقطعی کشورهای مورد مطالعه می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• پیچیدگی اقتصادی، رشد اقتصادی
• اقتصادسنجی داده های پانلی
• اقتصاد دانش محور

عنوان مقاله [English]

An Examination of Economic Complexity Index Effect on Economic Growth in The top 42 countries producing science

نویسندگان [English]

• seyed mahdi pazham ¹
• Mostafa Salimifar ²

¹ Ferdowsi University of Mashhad-International Campus

² فردوسی مشهد

چکیده [English]

Extended Abstract
Introduction
Economic growth and development has always been being a major goal of policy makers. They have always been seeking factors to increase growth's speed. There are some different theories that each one, account of some kinds of factors related to the growth. In the earlier of growth literature theories, the focus was on two factors: physical capital and labor. But these theories couldn't exactly explain the persist gap between different countries ‘per capita income. This cause to more pay attentions to some other factors that are seemingly insensible in the first glance. The advent of knowledge- oriented economics is the outcome of this new vision on growth field. In modern economics, knowledge is the main factor in production function. There are some indicators to measure the knowledge applied in a country's products. Economic complexity index is one of them. This article wants to examine the effect of this variable on economic growth. For this, the article examine growth model by using panel econometrics technique during 1996-2012 for 42 Chosen Countries (The top 42 countries producing science).
The structure of this paper, in theoretical basis, is to examine the ideas of economists in the world and background research, furthermore, Economic Complexity Index and check out selected countries in this indicator, research and study models will be introduced. Final section will be devoted to analyzing the results and conclusions estimates.

Theoretical Frame Work
As seen in all of these theories, knowledge has always been considered the engine of economic growth in two ways on the production and consequently affects economic growth: as a new production or to increase the overall productivity of production factors.
Since 2006, a group of authors began to explore the extensive economic growth based on the idea of "the products" and "complexity economics" were. The group's research led to the extraction of economic complexity Index (Hidalgo and other, 2007). Based on this thinking, the most important determinant of the level of development of each country, based on its knowledge of the country. Knowledge means of a stream of experiences, values, and attitudes expert information system is a framework to evaluate and take advantage of the experience and new information gives (APEC.2002).

Methodology
In this study, data from the first 42 countries in the production of knowledge is analyzed. Period of study 2012-1996 Ast years. Statistics variables above except the index of economic complexity, for all the countries in the study were collected from the site of the World Bank. In order to avoid bias said, be on the side of the complexities of economic and other factors affecting economic growth are properly specified model.
According to the theoretical literature on the factors affecting economic growth, the most important variables affecting economic growth in the countries studied, per capita physical capital formation (CF), government size (GE), human capital (LE), the volume of trade (TRAD), in addition to the economic complexity index (ECI) growth models have been added.
Econometric research process consists of three steps:
1. Cross-sectional data unit root test
2. The accumulation of data on cross-examination, if not stationary variables
In the case of co-integration vector accumulation estimate coefficients of the variables
Results and Discussion
As mentioned, according to the estimated model, the relationship between economic growth and negative economic complexity index, and this is unexpected. To investigate the cause of the issue, again a model for cross cutting (Cross-Section) estimated that the estimated model, the relationship between these two variables is positive and significant for the years after 2006. For a certain period and between different countries is presented. The results show using panel data technique is not appropriate, however cross-section estimation of model shows positive effect of Economic complexity index on economic growth.
Conclusions & Suggestions
In advanced economies contemporary knowledge in the development and growth of the country's annual production (GDP), played a key role stems. Economic Complexity Index, an indicator for measuring the amount of product used in a country. In this study, the relationship between these indicators and economic growth top 42 countries in the production of a 17-year period (2012-1996) and related techniques using panel data consists of panel unit root, panel Hm Anbashtgy , Has been studied. The results of research panel data; on the contrary the index suggests a negative relationship with economic growth of the countries that represent the inappropriate use of panel data in this research model. But the results of cross-sectional data model represents a significant and positive relationship between these variables on economic growth.
Economy reaching a middle-income country in the world, due to the unlimited supply of natural production factors (eg oil and abundant labor force) and rely on a certain level of production and industries heavily on its user.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Economic Complexity
• Economic Growth
• knowledge- oriented economics
• panel econometrics

مراجع

Amjadi, K. Rahbari, GR. &Soltani, GR. (2012). analyze the impact of the knowledge economy indicators on GDP, Beyond Management, Vol VI, No. 21. (in persian)

APEC Economic Committee. (2002)."Towards Knowledge- Based Economies in APEC".

Asian Development Bank. (2013). Complexity, Specialization and Growth, ADB Economics Working Paper Series, No.344.

Bacate, M. &Felipe, J. (2010). Product Complexity and Economic Development, levy Economics Institute. Working Paper No.616.

Baseri, B. Asghari, N. and Kia, M. (2011). Comparative Analysis of the components of a knowledge- based economy, economic growth, Journal of Economic Studies, Vol XVI, No. 47 . (in persian)

Behbodi, D.&Amiri, B. (2010), long term relationship Knowledge Based Economy and Economic Growth in Iran, Journal of Science and Technology Policy, Vol II, No. 4 . (in persian)

Caselli, F., G. Esquivel and F. Lefort. (1996). "Reopening the Convergence Debate: A New Look at Cross-Country Growth Regressions". Journal of Economic Growth, 1: 363–389.

Cheshomi, A.&abdolMaleki, S. (2013). Economic Complexity Index of comparative institutional structure and its relationship with Iran, Korea and Turkey, the first conference on sustainable development by improving the business climate . (in persian)

Dworak, Edyat.(2010)."Ananlysis of knowledge-based economy impact on economic development in the European Union countries",Comparativ Economic Research, Vol13. Issue4.

Hausmann, Hidalgo et al. (2008). The Atlas of Economic Complexity, Mapping paths to prosperity, MIT Media Lab.

Hausmann, R.&Hidalgo, C. (2011). “The network structure of economic output”, Journal of Economic Growth, 16, 309-342.

Hidalgo C.A., Klinger B.,Barabasi&Hausmann R. (2007). "The Product Space Conditions the Development of Nations". Science317.

http://atlas.media.mit.edu

Karimi, F.&Hassanpour, Y. (2011 ). Effects of industrial competitiveness of knowledge-based activities in the area of trade with Southeast Asia, Journal of Economic Policy, Vol XIX, No. 60 . (in persian)

Memarnezhad, A. (2005). Knowledge Based Economy ; requirements, indicators, status of, challenges and solutions, Journal of Business Economics and Modern, No. 1 . (in persian)

Motevaseli, M. (2003). Economic development, concepts, theoretical, Institutionalist approach and methodological, publishing samt. (in persian)

Nazeman, A. (2005). Knowledge Economy as a new paradigm in the development and evaluation of the knowledge economy, Journal of Business Research, No. 35 . (in persian)

Park, OCK, Sam. (2005). "Knowledge-Based Industry and Regional Growth", Iwsg Working Papers.

Shabani, A.&Abdolmaleki, H. (2011). knowledge-based economic development, theoretical basis, experiences and policy implications, Journal of Planning and Finance, Vol XVI, No. 1 . (in persian)

Shakeri, A. (2008). Macroeconomics ; theories,policies, publications Nevisa Pars, Tehran . (in persian)

Sundac, Dragomir&FaturK,lerena. (2011). "Knowledge Economy Factors and the Development of Knowledge-based Economy", CroEconSur,Vol13,No.1.

Vahidi,P. (2002). knowledge-based economy and the role of research and development, meeting challenges and prospects of development of Iran, Tehran . (in persian)